<p>Commonwealth Bank Building is a heritage-listed former bank building at 272-278 Flinders Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John and Herwald Kirkpatrick and built in 1923 by Charles Hanson & Sons. It is also known as Commonwealth Savings Bank and Townsville City Council Library. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 October 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Commonwealth Bank of Australia building, the third premises but first purpose-built Townsville Commonwealth Bank building, was constructed in 1923 at a cost of approximately £30,000. The building was designed by Sydney architect and consultant engineering firm John and Herwald Kirkpatrick and constructed by Townsville builders Charles Hanson and Sons under the supervision of Townsville architect Walter Hunt.</p><br>
<p>The federal governments Commonwealth Bank Act 1911 established Australias first bank empowered to conduct both savings and general (trading) bank business with the security of a federal government guarantee. On 16 September 1912 the Commonwealth Government established the Commonwealth Bank of Australia. By 20 January 1913 the general business of the Bank had commenced in Canberra, in the six state capitals, in London and in Townsville. The Townsville office was the first country branch established in Australia.</p><br>
<p>Initially the Bank operated from leased premises opposite the future site of the new building. However, following the amalgamation the Commonwealth Bank with the Queensland Government Savings Bank (QGSB) on 7 December 1920 the Bank moved its operations into the leased premises of the former QGSB near the corner of Stanley and Flinders Street. The Commonwealth Bank then purchased this property. In 1922 the site was sold to the Queensland State Government Insurance Office (now the site of the 1928 Queensland State Government Building). It is not know how long the Bank stayed in this location but it is possible it remained until 1924 when the new building was completed.</p><br>
<p>In the meantime the Commonwealth Bank purchased an allotment for £5000 in Flinders Street adjacent to the Post Office. This land was first issued as a Deed of Grant in November 1922 to the State Advances Corporation. Three months later, in February 1923, the land was sold to the Commonwealth Bank of Australia.</p><br>
<p>Sydney architect and consultant engineering firm John and Herwald Kirkpatrick, designers of a number of early Commonwealth Bank buildings including the head office in Sydney, the Melbourne, Canberra and London offices, were commissioned to draw up plans for a new building in Townsville. John Kirkpatrick, appointed architect for the Commonwealth Bank in 1912, was a friend of and cousin to the Governor of the Bank, Denison Samuel King Miller. The Kirkpatrick architectural firm remained architects for the Commonwealth Bank for at least ten years. During that time bank buildings were constructed throughout Australia, the Pacific and England.</p><br>
<p>This first purpose built Commonwealth Bank building in Townsville was constructed of reinforced concrete and brick. It is one of the earliest, if not the earliest surviving reinforced concrete multi storey building in Townsville. The supervising architect for the construction of the building, Walter Hunt, was an innovator in the use of reinforced concrete. At that time he was also designing the Dalgety & Company Building completed in Sturt Street, Townsville in December 1924.</p><br>
<p>Townsville building firm Charles Hanson and Sons secured the tender to erect the new two storied brick and reinforced concrete Commonwealth Bank building. By August 1923 the first floor walls were almost completed and the floor beams were being filled in with concrete. The builders had installed an electric dynamo to facilitate the easier handling and hauling of mixed concrete to the first floor level.</p><br>
<p>In September 1923 the Queensland Architects and Builders Journal (A&B Journal) reported that the "first floor is laid and the columns to carry the flat roof are being filled. The framings of the beams of the first floor are now being removed and it is the contractors intention to commence plastering shortly". The flat roof was made of concrete with a parapet wall.</p><br>
<p>Sub contractors Harvey & Clarke, who specialized in joinery and shopfitting, carried out the joinery work.</p><br>
<p>By February 1924 the A&B Journal reported that "... the Commonwealth Bank was housed in recently completed premises". The building occupied a quarter acre block and accommodated the banking institution on the ground floor with the offices of the Deputy Public Curator on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor entrance led to a vestibule, to the left of which was the managers room. The building consisted of a two storey high banking chamber, complete with tellers and a strong room. At the rear of the building were the resident officers room, gentlemens lavatory and cloakroom and a ladies lavatory. A flight of stairs in the vestibule led to an upstairs landing which accommodated a cleaners room and additional male and female lavatories at the rear. The building was said to be well lit.</p><br>
<p>On 2 February 1924 the Townsville Evening Star reported on the "... near completion of the most attractive and up to date premises in the city... the building... is the architecture of Messers. John and Herwald G Kirkpatrick, architects and consultant engineers, Sydney". The report said that the building was constructed on "... most modern lines, reinforced concrete being principally used, while many new features to the building trade of the North have been introduced". These new features included ventilation and lighting, and ornate plaster work on the ceilings and substantial pillars in the banking chamber. A strong room was built behind the banking chamber. It was thought to be the largest in the north and was reinforced with steel railway rails. A Montgomerie Neilsen Oxidising nonseptic toilet system was installed with a large brick tank under the building. The special windows, which appear to be similar to those installed in the Sydney Head Office building, were special Simplex patented steel framed windows which adjusted to any angle. The building was electrically wired and had fans throughout and was constructed to allow the addition of two further floors. Thirty five massive concrete foundation pillars set up to 35 feet into the soil supported the structure. There was a clearance of six feet at the rear to about three feet on Flinders Street. The rear entrance was made secure with the installation of a "Chubb" door.</p><br>
<p>Although, in the February 1924 issue of the Architects and Builders Journal, it was reported that "... the Commonwealth Bank was housed in recently completed premises" the Commonwealth Bank Archives has written a brief history of the Townsville Branch saying the new building was opened on 14 July 1924. No reference has been supplied for the 14 July 1924 opening date. The February opening date makes this the first country branch to occupy its own, purpose built office. However, if the Townsville branch opened in July then the Newcastle Branch was the first branch to open on 5 May 1924.</p><br>
<p>During World War II the Commonwealth Bank, including the Townsville Branch, became heavily involved with Commonwealth War Bonds and other forms of government fund raising activities, as well as acting as local agents for the meat and clothes rationing authorities.</p><br>
<p>Despite the financial constraints of wartime the banking chamber was refurbished in 1944. However, in the mid 1950s the thirty year old premises needed further maintenance work. Dilapidated counters and fittings required replacement, lighting needed upgrading, painting of the interior was necessary and new coverings for the floors. Consideration was also given to constructing a third floor on the building to serve as bachelor quarters. However, the whole project was deferred until 1954 when tenders were called but deferred again because of cost. In 1957 new plans were drawn up for extensive alterations and additions, including a new Teller line, installation of fluorescent lighting, painting, linoleum tiles to walls and floor, new staff amenities and storage area, new entrance doors and removal of the portico over the front door.</p><br>
<p>The work was carried out by Brisbane builders N Kratzmann Pty Ltd at a cost of £54,283.15.2 and was completed in May 1959.</p><br>
<p>During the late 1940s and 1950s the Commonwealth Bank expanded its activities Australia wide, opening hundreds of branches and agencies to cater for the increase and spread of population accompanying Australia&#39;s great post war migration influx, and reflecting the buoyant national economy of the 1950s. In December 1959 the Commonwealth Bank of Australia was restructured and renamed the Commonwealth Banking Corporation.</p><br>
<p>To meet the needs of the expanding commercial centre and to overcome crowding in the branch building a sub-branch was opened at 471-473 Flinders Street in a twenty year old brick and concrete building. This sub branch became a full branch on 27 November 1967.</p><br>
<p>By 1967 staff numbers in the main bank in Flinders Street had reached 64. Existing facilities were inadequate with no storage space and no space for interview rooms. By 1969 plans for a new building were in place. A property 800 metres west along Flinders Street was purchased for £269,000. The new four storied building with a tower block of a further 14 floors was designed by Townsville architects Martin Dillon and Associates and constructed by Townsville builders JM Kelly (Builders) Pty Ltd in 1975. At the time of construction the Branch had reached 111 staff, making it "... the largest branch, apart from the capital cities... in Australia". Operations transferred to the new premises on 10 October 1977.</p><br>
<p>The 1923 Commonwealth Bank property was subsequently exchanged for three blocks of vacant land owned by the Townsville City Council in Alfred Street, Aitkenvale where a branch of the bank was later built.</p><br>
<p>In 1978 the Townsville City Council established the Council Library in the former Commonwealth Bank building. The library continued to operate from the building until 2003 when it was moved next door into the Northtown Building.</p><br>
<p>The Townsville City Council sold the building to Aranda Park Pty Ltd in 1990 but continued to lease the property until the Library moved in 2003.</p><br>
<p>As of March 2016, the building is being offered for sale.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Commonwealth Bank of Australia, Townsville is a two-storey reinforced concrete structure with reinforced concrete floors and flat roof with frontage to Flinders Street and also runs through to Ogden Street at the rear. The frontage was designed with five bays, the middle three projected slightly forward with four columns of a singular banded design flanking the three emphasised bays. These four columns have design similarity to columns of the bank&#39;s Sydney head office building though in render rather than stone. The columns have ovolo-moulded edges and the banding appears as strongly expressed recessed joints. A suggestion of art deco appears in the circular motif decoration below the top of the columns.</p><br>
<p>Windows to the building are steel framed, rectangular with the larger sashes casement and the upper sashes pivot hung. A plinth, originally plastered but now veneered in grey granite, to window sill height runs across the width of the building interrupted by two doorways. The main doorway into the former banking chamber is centrally located with a second doorway in the northern bay leading to the stairs for first floor access. The main doorway was originally flanked by two plain pilasters with entablature over that have been removed and the adjoining columns completed. The window frames either side of the main doorway incorporate an arched transom between the casements and smaller upper panes and sashes.</p><br>
<p>The two side bays of the frontage were finished as face brickwork panels initially but later were rendered over and painted. A classical cornice across the building at roof level projects forward over the three central bays and has pairs of dentils above the columns. Below the central cornice section there remains indications of the lettering of the bank signage incompletely chiselled off. Over the cornice is a panelled parapet forming a low simple pediment centrally with a tapered flagpole fixed behind.</p><br>
<p>Behind the street frontages the first floor of the building is set back from the northern boundary to gain natural light. The two-storeyed rear elevation to Ogden Street is plain and utilitarian without the decorative expression and composition of the front elevation. The rear and visible side walls are of painted render. Steel windows sizes vary according to use and plumbing is externally mounted. A single door, with roller shutter, allows access to the street.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Commonwealth Bank building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 October 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#x27;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Commonwealth Bank is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history as the first purpose built Commonwealth Bank building in Townsville. The construction of this major 1923 building reflects the significant role Townsville, as the leading Australian country branch for over sixty years, played in the establishment and regional development of the Commonwealth Bank.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#x27;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is thought to be a rare surviving example in North Queensland of the commercial work of the Sydney architect and engineering consultant firm John & Herwald Kirkpatrick who were the first architects to work for the Commonwealth Bank of Australia. Apart from the Townsville office the Kirkpatrick firm designed the head office building in Sydney, the London and Melbourne buildings as well as a number of banks in other state capitals thus establishing a consistent architectural image for the Commonwealth Bank throughout Australia.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Bank building is important because of its contribution to the overall historical townscape of the city but particularly to the east Flinders Street area where it is located within a group of buildings including the former Post Office, Perc Tucker Gallery and the former Aplin Brown & Company Building.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The former Commonwealth Bank, built in 1923 using reinforced concrete, is one of the first multi storey buildings constructed in Townsville utilising this early twentieth century innovative technique. It is now a rare surviving example from the early period of use of this technology in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#x27;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Commonwealth Bank, Townsville has a special association with the work of Sydney architect and consultant engineering firm John & Herwald Kirkpatrick and with Townsville architect Walter Hunt who was known for his innovative work in designing reinforced concrete buildings.</p><br>
<p>Queens Building is a heritage-listed shopping centre at 175 Flinders Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Tunbridge & Tunbridge and built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Queens Building was designed in 1887 by Tunbridge and Tunbridge for the chemist Pio Armati, and named in honour of Queen Victorias Jubilee year.</p><br>
<p>Townsville was established in 1864 by partners John Melton Black and Robert Towns and was gazetted as a port of entry in 1865. It grew quickly as a supply centre and by 1873 the port was receiving international as well as coastal traffic. Improvements were carried out to port facilities to allow larger ships to anchor. By 1880 Townsville was the port for several major goldfields and had opened the first stage of the Great Northern railway line westwards through Charters Towers and beyond, consolidating its importance as a port and mercantile centre.</p><br>
<p>Pio Armati was one of the earliest Italian settlers in North Queensland. Born near Rome, he immigrated to Australia in 1874 as a young man and was naturalised in 1876. He entered into partnership with Chiafredo Venerando Fraire in the 1870s. Fraire had also immigrated in 1874 and both men, particularly Fraire, were to assume an important role in encouraging and promoting Italian Immigration to North Queensland. The firm of Armati Fraire and Company were drapers, ironmongers, wine sellers and general merchants. In 1878 Armati acquired the land on which this building stands and appears to have had a shop at this address. The firm were successful and in 1881 Fraire bought the retail drapery section of Burns Philp. When the Queen&#39;s Building was constructed they ran a drapery business, but in 1889 the partnership was dissolved. Armati ran an insurance agency at this address and Fraire alone is listed as a draper by 1890. By 1892 Armati had a chemist shop at another Flinders Street address and continued in this trade for many years. He became the leading pharmacist in Townsville and was socially prominent. He died in 1923. Both Armati and Fraire have streets named after them in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed to the design of the newly established local architectural firm of Tunbridge and Tunbridge. Walter Howard Tunbridge was born and trained in England as an architect. In 1884 he migrated to Australia and worked for Rooney Bros in Townsville. He left to establish his own practice in 1886 and invited his younger brother, Oliver, to join him in 1887. This partnership subsequently became an important architectural and civil engineering firm in North Queensland. Their design complemented the adjacent Atkinson & Powell Building, constructed in 1886, having several design features in common.</p><br>
<p>The Queens Building has been occupied as shops and offices. Tenants have included an accountant, architect and surveyor, watchmaker, jeweller and tailor. The North Queensland Mortgage and Investment Company held a lease from 1906 to 1931. In 1940 the property was sold to Peter Phillips and was subdivided in 1957. It was purchased by the current owner and has been used as a hairdressers and gift store since 1973.</p><br>
<p>The building has been altered on the ground floor and has aluminium framed windows and doors. On the upper level the main change has been the partial replacement of window glazing with louvres.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Queen&#39;s Building is located on the main commercial street of Townsville and is a two storey, brick building closely matching in style, though differing in decoration, the former Atkinson and Powell Building adjoining it.</p><br>
<p>The Queen&#39;s Building is rendered on the street elevation and has classically influenced moulded decoration. The upper floor has four round headed windows with prominent voussoirs, separated by pilasters. Above this is an entablature and balustraded parapet. The central section is raised and has a tablet decorated by swags and topped by a draped urn. This conceals a hipped roof clad with corrugated iron. There are glass louvres fitted into the lower section of the windows. Early signage is visible on the entablature.</p><br>
<p>Below a cornice, a bullnosed corrugated iron awning shades the shopfront. It is supported on cast iron columns, but the cast iron frieze to the awning does not survive. The shop fronts have been modernised and have aluminium framed windows and doors with panels of glass louvres above. There is a separate entrance to the upper level on the western side between the shopfronts of the Queen&#39;s building and the former Atkinson and Powell building which it abuts.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Queens Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The style and quality of the Queen&#39;s Building illustrates the boom period of Townsville in the 1880s when Flinders Street was being redeveloped with substantial buildings. This prosperity reflects the way in which North Queensland was developed by the establishment of key ports as commercial and administrative centres.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Queen&#39;s Building is important as an example of a small scale but good quality commercial century office building of its era in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is located on the major commercial street of Townsville where, by its design, form and materials, it is a substantial visual component of the built character of the city.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building is associated with the life and work of Pio Vico Armati, one of the earliest Italian settlers in North Queensland and a well-known figure in Townsville. It is also an example of the commercial work of the important North Queensland architectural firm of Tunbridge and Tunbridge.</p><br>
<p>Atkinson & Powell Building is a heritage-listed former pharmacy and now general commercial premises at 181-183 Flinders Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Willoughby Powell and built in 1887. It is also known as Matchbox Theatre. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Atkinson & Powell Building was designed in 1886 by Willoughby Powell for chemists Atkinson & Powell, a firm in which in which the architect&#39;s brother was a partner.</p><br>
<p>Townsville was established in 1864 by partners John Melton Black and Robert Towns and the Port of Townsville was gazetted as a port of entry in 1865. It grew quickly as a supply centre and by 1873 the port was receiving international as well as coastal traffic. Improvements were carried out to port facilities to allow larger ships to anchor. By 1880 Townsville was the port for several major goldfields and had opened the first stage of the Great Northern railway line westwards through Charters Towers and beyond, consolidating its importance as a port and mercantile centre.</p><br>
<p>By the mid 1880s Townsville was enjoying a building boom owing to the growth of the town and the destruction by fire of a number of buildings in Flinders Street in the early 1880s. It was subsequently declared a first class area, where only building in stone, masonry or metal was permitted. This meant that timber buildings from the first stage of settlement were replaced with substantial masonry ones, an encouragement to do likewise even for those whose property had escaped fire damage.</p><br>
<p>In 1887 a mortgage on the site was taken out by Joseph Atkinson and Francis Powell to allow the construction of a substantial pharmacy building. It was designed by Willoughby Powell, the brother of Frank Powell, who was a dentist. The new premises had a large shop at the front and two smaller rooms behind, one of which was used as a surgery by Powell. The upper floor was a warehouse, used purely for storage, and was accessed by an outside stair and a small lift for raising goods. The ground floor originally had a central entrance flanked by windows, but in the 1890s, a side door and internal staircase were inserted. The curved frames of the original windows can still be seen.</p><br>
<p>Willoughby Powell was born and trained as an architect in England. In 1872 he emigrated to Australia with his brother and worked for Richard Gailey in Brisbane before joining the Queensland Works Department in 1874. After winning a design competition for the Toowoomba Grammar School he set up a practice there between 1875 and 1877. After travelling to England in 1878 he worked again for Gailey before moving to Maryborough to supervise his own work between 1882 and 1885. He then returned to Gailey in Brisbane until 1893 when the financial crash saw the bottom drop out of the building trade. His own design work seems to have largely been for churches, public buildings and large houses. The Atkinson and Powell building is his only work in North Queensland, one of very few shops known to have been designed by him. A drawing of the completed building was featured in the 1887 Christmas issue of the Townsville Herald.</p><br>
<p>Soon after the Atkinson and Powell building was constructed, Queens Building was erected adjoining it for Pio Armati by the well known Townsville firm of Tunbridge and Tunbridge. Their design complemented Atkinson and Powell&#39;s building, having several design features in common.</p><br>
<p>In 1893 Atkinson was declared insolvent and the building was acquired by the North Queensland Mortgage and Investment Company Limited who held the mortgage. The building was leased to a number of different businesses including a dentist, a chemist, and a watchmaker. In 1920 the building housed offices for the Australian Oriental Line, the Townsville Chamber of Commerce and a restaurant. The Vacuum Oil Co leased the ground floor between 1922 and 1932. The building is believed to have been later occupied by a newsagent on the ground floor and the upper storey was the headquarters of the Townsville Book Club, a private lending library. In 1965 the building was converted for use as the 1965 Stage Door Theatre. In 1979 they moved and the Performing Arts Department of the Townsville College of TAFE occupied the building.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Atkinson & Powell Building is located on the main commercial street of Townsville and is a two storey, brick building closely matching in style, though differing in decoration, the building adjoining it.</p><br>
<p>The building is rendered on the street elevation and has classically influenced moulded decoration. The upper floor has four rounded headed windows with prominent voussoirs, separated by pilasters. Above this is an entablature and a balustraded parapet with a triangular pediment. This conceals a hipped roof clad with corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>A bullnosed corrugated iron awning shades the shopfront. It is supported on cast iron columns linked by a cast iron frieze. The central and eastern bays of the original timber framed glazed shopfront survive. There is a separate entrance to the upper level accessed through a timber door on the western side.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Atkinson & Powell Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The style and quality of the former Atkinson & Powell Building demonstrates the prosperity of Townsville in the 1880s and reflects the way in which North Queensland was developed by the establishment of key ports as commercial and administrative centres.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is important as a good example of a substantial nineteenth century office building in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is located on the major commercial street of Townsville where, by its design, form and materials, it is a substantial visual component of the built character of the city.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building is associated with the life and work of architect Willoughby Powell and is believed to be his only commission in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Parcel das Paredes is a large submerged bank in Brazil with an area of about 200 km. It is a coralline structure located in the Atlantic Ocean off the shore near Caravelas, Bahia State.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Parcel das Paredes lies about 30 km east of the continental shore. Although the reef is submerged, parts of it lie above water</p><br>
<p>at low tide. It is a dangerous area for navigation, but an excellent fishing and scuba-diving ground. The Abrolhos Archipelago lies 35 km further to the east and this Parcel is part of the same structure. The maximum tide amplitude in the reef area is approximately 1.7 m.</p><br>
<p>Together with the Timbebas Reef located about 40 km to the north of the Parcel das Paredes, as well as the Sebastiao Gomes Reef, Coroa Vermelha Reef and the Viçosa Reef to the southwest, all these reefs are part of the National Marine Park of Abrolhos (NMPA).</p><br>
<p>Burns Philp Building is a heritage-listed office building at 108-124 Flinders Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by McCredie Brothers and built in 1895 by G S Gordon. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 August 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This large masonry building was erected in 1895 as the principal offices and warehouse for Burns, Philp & Company Ltd, one of North Queensland&#39;s most successful trading enterprises.</p><br>
<p>The firm was founded in Townsville in 1872, when James Burns established a general retail business in Flinders Street. Robert Philp (later Sir Robert, KCMG and twice Queensland Premier) acquired a share in the business in 1876. Due to ill health, Burns returned to Sydney in 1877, leaving Philp to manage the Townsville store.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1870s and early 1880s, Burns and Philp individually established trading networks in North Queensland, which were amalgamated as Burns, Philp & Company Ltd in 1883. By 1887 the company had disposed of their retail concerns, concentrating on the importation and wholesaling of general merchandise, and general shipping and insurance, with branches in London, Sydney, Brisbane, Cairns, Thursday Island, Normanton, Charters Towers, Cooktown and New Guinea. The firm was employing 300 persons, owned their own fleet of small trading vessels, and was pioneering trade, communications and exploration throughout North Queensland, New Guinea and the South Pacific. The company also had interests in North Queensland sugar, gold and pastoralism. Although Robert Philp was bankrupted in the 1890s and resigned his interests in the firm in 1893, the name of Burns, Philp & Company Ltd was retained.</p><br>
<p>In Townsville, Burns, Philp & Company Ltd had acquired approximately 200 metres of Ross Creek frontage, on which they erected wharves and warehouses, with their offices in an old building which had been erected in the 1860s for Robert Towns and John Melton Black, the founders of Townsville. By 1895, Burns, Philp & Company Ltd dominated trade in Townsville, and their importance to this town and to North Queensland in general was illustrated in the erection of substantial new premises.</p><br>
<p>The new building was designed by the companys Sydney architects McCredie Bros, who also designed Burns, Philp & Company Ltds principal Sydney offices. It was erected in nine months by contractor GS Gordon, and was opened on 12 November 1895.</p><br>
<p>The two-storeyed section with frontages to Wickham and Flinders Streets housed the main offices: the shipping department on the ground floor and the managers office and cashiers and correspondence department on the upper floor. There was also a strong room and lavatory at each level. The three-storeyed section fronting Flinders Street was mainly warehousing, although the merchandise department, and behind this, the spirit room, were located on the ground floor adjacent to the shipping office, and accessed from this office via a door beneath the front staircase.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed for expansion. The walls, including the northwestern end wall of the warehouse, were constructed with bricked-in arches to facilitate later extensions. In 1903 the company planned a three-storeyed brick extension to the warehouse along Flinders Street; this scheme was not carried out, but in 1913-14 a long, single-storeyed, concrete warehouse extension was erected. This building has been demolished.</p><br>
<p>In 1922, the company&#39;s architect in Townsville, Walter Hunt, designed alterations to the offices and ground floor of the warehouse, extending the office area. These were carried out in three stages during 1922 and 1923. At this period, the arches separating the shipping and merchandising departments were exposed, and the large arched doorway from Flinders Street into the warehouse was bricked in, and three windows were placed in the bay.</p><br>
<p>At some later period the interior of the warehouse was gutted by fire, and the roof and floors were replaced.</p><br>
<p>Burns, Philp & Company Ltd retained the building until 1977. At this stage the two-storeyed section was converted into a night club, a doorway was cut in the second end bay of the former warehouse, and the latter was converted to office accommodation.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Burns, Philp and Company Ltd building, located on the southern corner of Flinders and Wickham Streets with Ross Creek at the rear, is a rendered masonry building consisting of a two-storeyed corner section with an adjoining three-storeyed section along Flinders Street.</p><br>
<p>The two-storeyed corner section consists of five arched bays along Wickham Street, a corner bay and two bays along Flinders Street. Each bay is separated by a pilaster, with a deep cornice between floors and at the roofline concealing a hipped corrugated iron roof. Originally an open arcade, the arched bays have been enclosed with metal framed glazing with an open corner entrance at the ground level. The corner is surmounted by a pavilion, consisting of paired arches, rendered balustrade and a rebuilt ogee shaped roof with diamond pattern metal tiles. The corner nightclub entrance below has a mosaic style tiled floor and steel gates.</p><br>
<p>The facade of the three-storeyed Flinders Street section, consists of four bays separated by paired pilasters with a deep cornice at the roofline concealing a curved corrugated iron roof, which is evident on the southwest end elevation. Each bay, except the second last bay, houses a pair of aluminium framed windows per floor. The other has four windows per floor, with the ground floor having been remodelled with an unbalanced single entry with two windows, and cantilevered awning. The rear of this section has aluminium framed windows.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the corner section has been refitted as a nightclub on both floors. The ground floor extends into the adjoining section through openings framed by paired columns supporting an entablature, part of which is missing, with a deep cornice and surmounted by false arched fanlights. Cast iron columns, located centrally, bear plaques with the date 1895. Most fixtures, fittings and finishes are recent, including the staircase, ceilings, air conditioning, rear kitchen and toilets.</p><br>
<p>The Flinders Street section has a central entry and staircase with office space to either side. Only the exterior walls remain from this section of the original building.</p><br>
<p>A plant room, constructed in 1978, is attached to the rear of the building, and contains a sub-station and switchboard on the ground floor, air-conditioning plant on the first floor and a cooling tower room on the second floor.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Burns Philp & Company building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 August 1993 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Burns Philp & Company building, Townsville, erected in 1895, is important in demonstrating the evolution and pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, being evidence of the close association between Burns, Philp & Company Ltd and the development of Townsville as the principal town and port of North Queensland in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It demonstrates several rare aspects of Queenslands cultural heritage, being the only surviving 19th century warehouse/office complex along Ross Creek, and a surviving remnant of Burns, Philp & Company Ltds former substantial Townsville complex which, in the 1890s, extended along 200 metres of Ross Creek, back to Flinders Street, and across Wickham Street, and included shipping and insurance offices, a passenger depot, wharves, warehouses and workshops.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a substantial commercial building in which the combined functions of offices and warehouse are reflected in the hierarchy of its classically derived architecture; and of the commercial work of Sydney architects McCredie Bros.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the Townsville community, in particular the strong streetscape and townscape contribution it makes as it addresses the intersection of Flinders and Wickham Streets; the quality of design of the building; and surviving interior elements.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It has a strong and special association with the Townsville community as a local landmark and as a focus for community pride in Townsville&#39;s historical development as the principal port of North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has a special association with the important and successful Burns, Philp & Company, its origins in Townsville, and its substantial contribution to the development of North Queensland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>T. Willmetts & Sons Printery is a heritage-listed former printing house at 193 Flinders Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Waggepetersen & Bevan and built from 1883 to 1927. It is also known as Capitol Seafood Restaurant. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Willmett&#39;s stationery shop and printery is located in the main commercial street of Townsville. It is a three storey masonry building, constructed in 1883 and 1886 for Thankful Willmett, a well known stationer and printer who was also active in local and regional politics.</p><br>
<p>Townsville was established in 1864 by partners John Melton Black and Robert Towns and the Port of Townsville was gazetted as a port of entry in 1865. It grew quickly as a major supply centre and by 1880 was the port for several major goldfields. Because commerce was important to the development of the town, many businessmen were also involved in local politics and the majority of early mayors were also businessmen. Thankful Willmett was mayor several times and was also a prominent member of the North Queensland Separationist movement.</p><br>
<p>Thankful Willmett had been in business in Rockhampton and Nebo for several years before arriving in Townsville in 1868. He ran a store and acted as postmaster at the Cape River Diggings and in 1870 settled in Townsville, working for Clifton and Aplin and operating a small stationery business. In 1873 he resigned to devote his time to his own business, though he was also involved in local politics as he became Mayor for the first time in 1880-1. In 1882 he imported a printing press and bookbinding equipment to expand his stationery business and opened the Excelsior Printery in one of three new brick shops next to the Exchange Hotel. This met an urgent and growing need in an era when all news, correspondence and business was carried on wholly on paper. In the following year a building was constructed for him by Waagepetersen and Bevan and it is interesting to note that the first trial telephone call in Townsville was made from the Exchange to Willmett&#39;s printery in March 1883. In 1884 a new printing office was constructed to the rear of the stationery shop and bookbinding and lithographic departments were added.</p><br>
<p>On 15 October 1885 he received a severe setback when the shop was destroyed by fire, though the printery at the rear survived and he still managed to get Willmett&#39;s North Queensland Almanac published by the end of the year. In 1886 the current three storey shop was built incorporating the printery behind. It contained warehouse space, offices and a retail shop. The business was extremely successful and in time had branches at Cooktown, Thornborough and Charters Towers. It was more than a printery as they imported and sold paper, produced account books, sheet music and all kinds of stationery and art materials.</p><br>
<p>Willmetts sons and other family members worked for the firm and expanded the business. Willmetts eldest son had originally prompted the movement into printing and Miss E. Willmett ran the book and music departments. Percy Willmett joined the firm in 1904 and took over when Thankful Willmett died in 1906.</p><br>
<p>In 1927, the machine room in the printery was extended to accommodate new machinery and an additional storey to this section was added as bulk storage space. This work was done by contractor George Lear for architect Charles Venden Rees. In 1932 the business continued to expand by opening a second premises at 287 Flinders Street. There Willmetts used the ground floor as a stationery shop and let the upper floor as Willmetts Chambers. It remained a branch store for almost 50 years. Hume Willmett, a grandson who joined the family firm in 1918, ran the business from 1943, following his uncle&#39;s retirement. He retired in his turn in 1970 and Grahame Willmett Weir, a great grandson of Thankful Willmett, then took over. Family members have also been active in local affairs and so both the business and the Willmett family are prominent in Townsville history.</p><br>
<p>Willmett&#39;s moved to South Townsville in 1975 and in October 1980 the firm was purchased by North Queensland Newspaper Company of which it became a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1981 the shop was purchased by Kern Corporation. It has since changed hands several times and has been leased out. The ground floor has been used by a restaurant for much of the time, during which openings were made in the party wall with the building next door which was also used by the restaurant. The upper section has been converted into a loft flat for the owner.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Willmett&#39;s building is located on the northern side of Flinders Street in the centre of the block between Wickham and Denham Streets. The site rises steeply towards Melton Terrace at the rear.</p><br>
<p>The building is in two parts with the block on Flinders Street having a rectangular plan form and is of three storeys constructed in brick with a symmetrical rendered facade. The ground floor shopfront has been replaced in anodised aluminium but the original entrance to the upper levels, which has a single panelled timber door with side lights, survives to the right of this. A short hall leads to a later concrete block stairwell that rises to the top level. Above this is a later horizontal awning and above this three round headed windows with moulded hoods that run into a string mould that runs into piers at the corners of the facade. Similarly there are three rounded headed windows at the top level also with moulded hoods over. All the windows have been replaced in aluminium. Above this is banding with the words "Stationery Warehouse" in raised lettering with cornices above and below. This is surmounted by a parapet with a raised central section which has a segmental top supported on piers. The facade has been recently painted in a contemporary colour scheme. Behind the parapet is a simple corrugated iron roof with a central raised skylight.</p><br>
<p>Abutting and sitting higher than the front section of the building is a two and three storey wing constructed in brick with a cement rendered finish all around. This block also has a rectangular floor plan but is slightly wider on the eastern side. The roof is clad in corrugated iron and has a gambrel form. A series of high level timber windows are located on the sides of the building at the upper level. There is a small entrance lean to on the northern side with pathway access to Melton Terrace above.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>T. Willmetts & Sons Printery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The style and quality of the former T.Willmett and Sons building demonstrates the prosperity of Townsville in the 1880s and reflects the way in which North Queensland was developed by the establishment of key ports as commercial and administrative centres. As an early printer and the publisher of an almanac as well as a stationer, Willmetts was closely associated with this development.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Willmett&#39;s building is a good example of a retail business with works, warehouse and offices on the premises. As such it demonstrates a nineteenth century practice no longer usual in a city central business district.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The design, form and materials of the former Willmett&#39;s building make a major aesthetic contribution to the streetscape of Flinders Street.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building is strongly associated with the life and work of Thankful Willmett, an important Townsville businessman and Mayor, and with other members of this prominent family.</p><br>
<p>Long-Kosman reefs is a reef in the Louisiade Archipelago.</p><br>
<p>it contains many scattered islets, 2 of them are inhabited regularly and overpopulated, with no services and facilities in them.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The islands in the group include Kosmann, Nabaina, Nagobi, Sable East, Sable West, Anchorage, and Lejeune.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Discovered in early 18th century, the islands were named after famous barons from France.</p><br>
<p>Louis-François Lejeune was honored with one of the islands.</p><br>
<p>in 1990, in what appears to be increasingly frequent and acrimonious territorial disputes between Wari and Utian fishers, there was a murder of a fisherman from Utian by some other fishermen.</p><br>
<h2>Economics</h2><br>
<p>The islands, in recent years, have been a haven for piracy fishermen. The most noted catches are Beche-de-mer, which have resulted in the deforestation of several cays along the reef complex for firewood. Beche-de-mer are cooked on these small islets, which have camps for one to two-week-long fishing trips, made mainly by Wari and Utian Islanders. The fishery is essentially unregulated. There is very little in the way of local level management initiatives, and one of the reasons for this is an apparent lack of awareness of the limits of stocks. Foale (2005) presented interview data from islanders, in which he found low awareness of limits to beche-de-mer, even despite the common knowledge of sandfish and black teat overfishing.</p><br>
<p>Prior to commercial harvesting, the overall density for all species of giant clams, was 39/ha. Chesher reported that 2000 concentrations was at 9/ha.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, some limits were pressed by the government, and the islanders are now conducting Sportfishing in the vicinity of the reef.</p><br>
<p>Coral Trout, Red Bass, Jobfish, Bluefin Trevally, Grouper, Cod, Napoleon Wrasse, Dogtooth Tuna, sailfish, yellowfin tuna, Giant Tuna.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The scattered islets have seasonal camps for fishermen. during fishing season there are up to 200 people, mostly living in Kosmann and Lejeune. During offseason, about half of them return to their islands of Wari and Utian.</p><br>
<p>Wari Island  is an island in the southwest of the Louisiade Archipelago. Politically it belongs to Milne Bay Province in the southeastern part of Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is located 12 km south-east of the Lebrun Islands and 16 km northwest of the Stuers Islands. Wari is approximately 4.7 km long and up to 630 meters wide. It has an area of 2.27. Over the entire length of the island extends a narrow mountain chain that ends in the east and west respectively with a steep peak. The western mountain is 117 m high. A large coral reef is located off the southern coast of Wari.</p><br>
<p>East Islet and South Islet (Kera Kera) are lying on the same coral reef at a distance of 400 and 950 meters respectively.</p><br>
<p>1.3 km northwest of the western tip of Wari stands an 81 m high steep rock out of the sea, Ikaikakeino Island (Cliff Rock).</p><br>
<p>3.8 km to the northwest is the 133 m high rock Mamaramamaweino (Bell Rock).</p><br>
<p>Wari was once forested, but now almost bare, the trees were cut down to make firewood for the population.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The last census of the Ward was 1300. The main village of Wari, with 129 households is on the southwest coast. the central ridge is too mountainous to have villages. the northeast coast has some Bananas and sugarcane plantations in about 20 households spread across a vast area.</p><br>
<p>other villages and camps are on Kosmann Island.</p><br>
<p>Most population rely on fishing area of the Long / Kosmann reef, more than 100 km to the east, near the Jomard Islands. The villagers share this area with the inhabitants of Utian Island from Calvados Chain. A livelihood of Wari Islander is the production of Beche-de-mer from sea cucumbers, which in China and Southeast Asia is considered a delicacy, and is executed there. The largest share of Beche-de-mer is made from Prickly Redfish.</p><br>
<p>The inhabitants of the archipelago speak Bwanabwana Language.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Louis Antoine de Bougainville discovered the island on June, 1768.</p><br>
<p>Caledonia Fish Hatchery, also known as "Spring Brook" and the Seth Green State Hatchery, is a historic fish hatchery and national historic district located at Caledonia in Livingston County, New York. The district encompasses five contributing buildings, one contributing site, five contributing structures and two contributing buildings associated with the oldest fish hatchery in the Western Hemisphere. It is still in use by the state of New York and named for Seth Green , an American pioneer in fish farming and who established the hatchery in 1864. Located on the property are the contributing main hatchery building , Queen Anne style manager&#39;s residence , ice house , "Lake House" , a memorial to Seth Green , and fish ponds originally constructed in the 1930s and 1950s.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Chaffee-Moloney Houses are a pair of brick residences  at 194 and 196-198 Columbian Avenue in Rutland, Vermont. Built in 1885, they are fine examples of Queen Anne/Eastlake style, and are significant for their association with Thomas W. Moloney, an Irish-American attorney who played a major role the city acquiring its charter. The house were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Chaffee-Moloney Houses stand on the west side of Rutland city, on the south side of Columbian Avenue, between an industrial area to the south and a residential area to the north. Both houses are 2-1/2 story brick structures. The duplex stands to the right; it has a gabled roof, with a low cross gable above the entrances. Its front is six bays wide, with a spindled porch sheltering the two entrances at the center. The left house is roughly L-shaped, with a hip roof across its main body and a projecting gable section on the right side. A porch extends across the front and around the left side, set on a foundation of rough-cut limestone blocks, with turned posts on stone piers and spindled balustrades in between.</p><br>
<p>Both houses were built in 1885 by Frederick Chaffee & Son. The duplex was occupied by a succession of middle-class families until 1925. The single-family was purchased by Thomas W. Moloney in 1892, at which time it was enlarged to its present size, although the front porch was added later. The house is the only known property associated with Moloney to survive. Moloney lived there from 1892 until his death in 1917, and was a prominent local attorney who played a leading role in the development of the city charter. In the 1890s he was a Democratic candidate for Governor of Vermont, and United States Senator.</p><br>
<p>In 1925 the duplex was converted for use as the "girls colony" of the Brandon State School, whose main campus was for mentally handicapped boys. Both the duplex and the Moloney house, which was vacated by the family after Moloney&#39;s wife died in 1936, were purchased by the state in 1944. A connector (since removed) was built between the houses in 1952. Its use by the Brandon State School ended about 1958, and the two buildings have since been converted into affordable housing units.</p><br>
<p>The Temple of Sangri is a Late Archaic Greek temple on the Cycladic island of Naxos in the area of Gyroulas, about 1.5 km south of. The temple was built around 530 BC and is one of the earliest Ionic temples. It was built completely from Naxian marble.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The temple was built around 530 BC. Based on the finds, the sanctuary was probably dedicated to Demeter or perhaps Kore. For this reason and because of its unusual shape, the temple is often referred to as a telesterion. There are also indications of a cult to Apollo on the site. In the 6th century AD, the temple was largely demolished and a three-naved Christian basilica was built from the same stone on the same site.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The temple contains many unusual features. The ground plan is almost square (13.29 x 12.73 m), when Greek temples, especially in the archaic period are usually elongated. The facade was on the south side instead of the usual location on the east or (much more rarely) west side. The temple was built without a foundation platform (the Crepidoma), directly on top of the euthynteria, likewise there is no stylobate for the columns.</p><br>
<p>The facade was formed of five columns in antis. The columns are in the Samian style, but unfluted. Very unusually, the columns show a slight contraction in width with increasing height, whereas Archaic and Classical Greek columns as a rule increase in thickness towards the top (entasis). The leafy wreathed capitals were not carved in the round, but were instead painted onto the double echinus of the capitals, while the abacus was decorated with a band.</p><br>
<p>On the smooth architrave, hidden behind plates on the facade, were the ends of roof beamswhich supported the oldest known marble roof of ancient architecture, which covered the pronaos. Seven almost four meter long beams formed the purlins of this roof. The beams were curved upwards almost 2 cm, which affected all the structural elements of the roof above them, giving the roof a slight curvature.</p><br>
<p>Two doors, placed in line with the second and fifth intercolumnation, led from the entrance area to the cella. The doorway was decorated with bands lined with a large Bead and reel pattern. Above the door was a painted Cymatium, which supported a smooth undecorated lintel.</p><br>
<p>The cella was divided into two parts by a row of five columns which were in line with the columns of the facade. The columns in the centre of the room rise to a height of 5.4 to 6.46 metres, but despite the different heights they all have the same diameter at ground level (50 cm) - in violation of the norms of archaic rules of proportion. They do not narrow towards the top. Like the facade columns they stand atop smooth Samian bases, but these have no torus. These columns supported the marble struts of a saddle roof, which ran from front to back about 4 metres in each direction. Diffuse light would have entered the cella through the gaps in the roof tiles even when the doors to the cella were closed.</p><br>
<p>The walls of the cella rested on a toichobate which was about 28 cm high and 70 cm wide and composed of two layers. While the outer layer was made of square blocks, the inner layer was made from smaller stones of irregular shape, giving it an unusual "rough" appearance. The space between these two layers was filled with rubble and marble splinters. The blocks of the outer layer show anathyrosis on the short sides, but not on the smooth long sides. The blocks were only occasionally linked with wooden dowels, mostly near the cornice. The outer layer was inclined outwards at an angle of about 3 %, which, like the shape of the columns of the facade, was the opposite of the archaic norm, which was usually intended to ensure in inward inclination. The whole exterior was plastered and painted.</p><br>
<p>It is impressive that the whole building, which was built entirely from marble, is completely permeated by a common curvature, for which each individual part of the building had to be specially formed. This careful shaping of individual parts made the task of reconstruction easy, since the exact measurements of a large number of the 1600 or so surviving parts of the building indicated their original location.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>Nikolaos Kondoleon investigated the temple in 1949. It was excavated and studied from 1976 to 1985 by Vassilis Lambrinoudakis and Gottfried Grubenas part of a partnership between the University of Athens and the Technical University of Munich. This culminated in a partial restoration of the structure and the construction of a small museum on the site, which was opened in August 2001. A final publication of the excavations is in progress.</p><br>
<p>First known as the Montpelier Institute and later as the Montpelier Collegiate Institute, the Montpelier Female Institute was a school founded by Episcopal Bishop Stephen Elliott at Montpelier Springs, Monroe County, Georgia in 1841, and is notable as one of the earliest in the state to admit girls. After changing hands several times, it finally closed in 1878. It is commemorated by a Georgia Historical Marker on Georgia State Route 74. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Foundation</h2><br>
<p>The Rev Stephen Elliott, the then newly-appointed first Bishop of Georgia, decided to establish a school there and in 1840 obtained a charter from the Georgia State Legislature. In 1841 he spent four days at Montpelier Springs (a location south of Forsyth, which had operated as a health and recreation resort from at least 1831, and included a hotel) working on organizing schools and an adjacent church. He recorded that On the fourth Sunday after Easter, 1841, I confirmed in the temporary Chapel of the Springs, seventeen persons, thirteen of whom were slaves. After Morning Service a Church was organized, under the title of St Luke’s Church, Montpelier Springs, Monroe Co., Ga, by the election of Wardens and a Vestry.</p><br>
<h2>The Montpelier Institute</h2><br>
<p>Initially Elliott planned for both boys’ and girls’ schools on an 800-acre campus, supported by a working farm staffed by enslaved persons whose work would pay the bulk of the costs of the school. By the spring of 1842, he could say, Our Schools have flourished at the Springs beyond our most sanguine expectation. That December, he reported that when he went back to Montpelier Springs to inspect the schools and make arrangements for the winter term, I found everything in the very best condition, full of promise to the Church and to the State. The girls were taught in Lamar Hall, named for G B Lamar of Savannah, who had gifted a 500-acre tract for the institute. The boys were a mile distant in Chase Hall, named for Bishop Philander Chase, who was then Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church. By 1846, Bishop Elliott was living on the grounds of the school. By that time, more than 80 students were enrolled in the two schools.</p><br>
<p>However, rapid expansion of the school including the completion of more buildings created debt. The Institute was never funded by the Diocese and Elliott had used his own personal property as a guarantee. In 1850, the school debts had mounted to a degree that Bishop Elliott was obliged to sell all of his land and his considerable holdings in enslaved persons. The school was sold at a sheriff’s sale for $13,000 to make up the rest of the indebtedness. The institute was bought by Joseph Story Fay and continued as a school under its Board of Trustees, but Elliott continued to administer the school remotely from Savannah until 1854. This first incarnation of the school closed in 1855.</p><br>
<p>At this point, Professor Carlisle Martin bought the land and organized a school for young men. This was in operation until 1861, and was relatively successful. After the start of the Civil War, however, numbers dropped and the buildings were used as the depot for military supplies shipped from Savannah and Augusta.</p><br>
<h2>Montpelier Female Institute</h2><br>
<p>In its next phase, the Institute was solely a girls’ school. By 1862 its title was the Montpelier Female Institute, and its rector was the Welshman Rev John T Pryse. Under Union threat, the school was closed in 1864 and the students sent to Macon. Its grounds and buildings were used as a supply station, training ground and convalescent home for Confederate soldiers.</p><br>
<h2>Montpelier Collegiate Institute</h2><br>
<p>There had been recent renovations in 1866, when an advertisement appeared for the start of the September term at what was now named the ‘Montpelier Collegiate Institute’. A fire occurred in 1872, which appears to have marked a temporary end to teaching there, but Pryse undertook to continue holding services at the chapel.</p><br>
<h2>The final phase</h2><br>
<p>In its final incarnation, the school was purchased by Benjamin M Polhill and his wife. Under his management a school for boys continued in operation until 1878. The site was again sold, and remains in private hands.</p><br>
<p>First Presbyterian Church Complex is a historic Presbyterian church located at Gouverneur, St. Lawrence County, New York. The complex consists of the Romanesque Revival style church  and Queen Anne style manse . The church has a modified cruciform plan with a cross-gable roof and constructed of both roughhewn and smoothly dressed Gouverneur marble. The front facade features an entrance loggia, with unequal square towers with hipped roofs flanking it. The manse is constructed of yellow pressed brick and features a round three-story tower and verandah. The interior features Colonial Revival style design elements. The house was sold to the Gouverneur Historical Society in 1974 and houses a local history museum</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Henlein & Co is a heritage-listed commercial building at 408-410 Flinders Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Eaton, Bates & Polin and built from 1901 to 1902 by Thomas Page. It was also known as Best & Less. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By 1901 the commercial section of Townsville had spread along Flinders Street to the west past the old railway station. Commercial developers such as Henry Abbott were taking advantage of this growth. In September of that year he commissioned Queensland architects Eaton, Bates & Polin to design a combined commercial and warehouse facility which was built by Townsville builder Thomas Page.</p><br>
<p>Henlein & Co, well established local wine and spirits merchants and Townsville representatives for West End Beer (Brisbane), were the first tenants. They commenced business in 1902 and traded there for thirty one years. The English, Scottish and Australian Bank bought the premises in 1925 and were joint tenants with Henlein & Co for at least six years, but were no longer trading there in 1933.</p><br>
<p>The Bank sold the building to Carfoots Pty Ltd in 1954, who became Townsville&#39;s leading retailer of household furnishings, such as carpet, linen and curtaining. In 1976 Best & Less purchased the building and traded from there for some years. In 2016, it is occupied by a discount store.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This two storey commercial building with a basement was built during the Federation period with load-bearing brick external walls and timber internal columns. The Flinders Street facade was dressed with cement and decorated with arched windows, pilasters, string courses, pediments and cornices. The building was surrounded by a decorative slit parapet on all external walls. The centrally placed entrance was emphasised by an arched opening. Modern aluminium windows and a cantilevered awning are now dominant features of the lower level facade.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Henlein & Company Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Henlein & Co, a commercial building of the Federation era, was a simply designed structure which incorporated the use of traditional materials in a different together with some conventional decorative motifs. The Townsville railway station and the Customs House, are other local buildings which exhibit some of these features. However, few examples of privately owned commercial buildings of this type are left in the city.</p><br>
<p>While the Henlein building has lost much of its distinctive decoration, it contributes significantly and attractively to the streetscape, together with the nearby Australian Mutual Provident Society Building.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Henlein & Co, a commercial building of the Federation era, was a simply designed structure which incorporated the use of traditional materials in a different together with some conventional decorative motifs. The Railway Station and the Customs House, are other local buildings which exhibit some of these features. However, few examples of privately owned commercial buildings of this type are left in the city.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>While the Henlein building has lost much of its distinctive decoration, it contributes significantly and attractively to the streetscape, together with the nearby Australian Mutual Provident Society Building.</p><br>
<p>The Silkwood Inn is a historic building in Mulkeytown, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Silkwood Inn, also known as the "Silkwood Tavern" as well as the "Half Way House" (due to its location approximately halfway between Shawneetown and Kaskaskia), was originally built by Barzilla (Basil) Silkwood, upon his arrival to Illinois from Kentucky, serving as an inn and tavern along the Old Shawneetown - Kaskaskia Trail that connected communities in Southern Illinois during the early 1800s.</p><br>
<p>The trail led from Old Shawneetown, Illinois (37&deg;41&prime;54&Prime;N latitude, 88&deg;8&prime;13&Prime;W longitude - located along the Ohio River), to the original state capital of Illinois of Kaskaskia, Illinois (37&deg;55&prime;17&Prime;N latitude, 89&deg;54&prime;59&Prime;W longitude).</p><br>
<h3>Priscilla</h3><br>
<p>While visiting a plantation in Georgia in the 1830s, Silkwood became acquainted with several slaves. Among them was a young girl named Priscilla. When the owner of the plantation died, the slaves were sold and Priscilla was bought by a Cherokee chief and taken to live on a reservation. When the Indians were moved from the reservation in 1838 along the Trail of Tears, they passed through Southern Illinois on their way to the Indian Territory. Once again, Silkwoods path intertwined with Priscillas. Silkwood was in Jonesboro, Illinois for a business trip when the Indians moved through the area. He recognized Priscilla, and bought her for $1,000 in gold. Priscilla was taken to the inn, where she was accepted as a member of the family. She died in 1892 and was buried beside the Silkwoods in the Reid-Kirkpatrick Cemetery, about two miles northwest of the inn.</p><br>
<h4>Hollyhocks</h4><br>
<p>When Priscilla came to Southern Illinois, she brought some hollyhock seeds that she planted at her new home. The hollyhocks have continued to thrive in front of the inn, and are still known as the Priscilla hollyhocks.</p><br>
<h3>Family home</h3><br>
<p>The inn over time became the family home of John & Jean Crowe.</p><br>
<p>Around 1983, the inn (then the home to the Crowe family) was badly damaged by fire, and was almost demolished.</p><br>
<p>The Crowe family, upon learning of the deep historical significance of the structure to region, donated the building to the Mulkeytown Area Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Mulkeytown Area Historical Society has restored the Silkwood Inn to its original exposed log structure. The interior is furnished with 19th-century period-correct items, either on loan or that have been donated to the Silkwood Inn.</p><br>
<p>The Commercial Bank of Australia Building is a heritage-listed former bank building at 205-207 Flinders Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by James Percy Owen Cowlishaw and built by J C Harrison & Sons. It is also known as the Atinee Building. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was erected in and was the second premises of the Commercial Bank of Australia. The Bank operated from this building for forty-one years and the Relatino Restaurant for twenty-three years from 1955. Recently the building has become well known as the Back Packers Hostel.</p><br>
<p>In March 2016, it was occupied by Zambrero, a Mexican fast food restaurant, and a Latin dancing studio.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This symmetrical three-storeyed building of the Federation period has deep shady verandahs on the upper two levels. These verandahs, which extend over the footpath, are decorated with cast-iron balustrades and friezes, together with timber fretwork.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor shop front and interior have been modernised while the upper floors remain basically intact. The brick building, which is well designed for the tropics, is surmounted by a parapet and centrally placed pediment. While the structure is in need of maintenance, it is still in reasonable condition and its integrity is basically intact.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The impressive style of the structure emphasises the role the Commercial Bank of Australia played in the economic growth of the region during the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The building is commercial structure of unusual design in the Townsville region and as such it is a feature of the streetscape in Flinders Street.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is a good example of a commercial building constructed with wide verandahs and decorated with timber and cast iron.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building is commercial structure of unusual design in the Townsville region and as such it is a feature of the streetscape in Flinders Street.</p><br>
<p>Block A of Townsville Technical College is a heritage-listed technical college building at 212-260 Stanley Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Department of Public Works  and built from 1920 to 1921. It is also known as Townsville State High School and the City Campus of the Barrier Reef Institute of TAFE. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 May 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was erected in 1920/21 as the Townsville Technical College. Designed for a prominent corner site by the Architectural Branch of the Queensland Department of Works, it is a substantial two-storeyed masonry edifice. The building also became the Townsville State High School in 1924, reverting to sole use as a technical college in 1964.</p><br>
<p>In Queensland, local committees were responsible for conducting early courses of technical instruction. Classes in Townsville were initially run by the School of Arts Committee. By 1900 there were five Technical Colleges in Brisbane with classes being taught at eighteen other locations in Queensland. At this time the state government began to take a more active interest, establishing the Board of Technical Education in 1902 with the aim of improving and expanding technical education throughout the State. A Technical Education Branch of the Department of Public Instruction, under the direction of RM Riddell, replaced the Board in 1905 and legislation, introduced in 1908 and 1918, progressively empowered the government to take over existing technical colleges.</p><br>
<p>At a conference in 1904, Riddell defined the role of technical as opposed to secondary studies. The prime duty of technical colleges, he maintained, was to meet trade requirements. In mining, agricultural and industrial districts, technical education received a boost when employers, such as the Mount Morgan Mining Company and the State railway workshops accepted the idea of technical training for employees and apprentices. Enrolments jumped from 3,000 to 4,000 in 1905. By 1910, Queensland had a comprehensive system of technical education.</p><br>
<p>In 1908, the Technical College committee in Townsville erected a new building on the School of Arts site, on the corner of Stanley and Walker Streets. The building proved to be unsuitable for technical classes and a report by the Director of Technical Education suggested the construction of a new building. The government was slow to respond and only after concerted lobbying by committee members was the construction of a Technical College in Townsville approved.</p><br>
<p>An allotment on the opposite corner of Stanley and Walker Streets was resumed in 1917 under the Public Works Land Resumption Act of 1906. The Architectural Branch of the Department of Works prepared plans for a new building with an estimated cost of £15,922. The local committee was required to fund one-fifth of the total amount. Construction was delayed for several years but the building was eventually ready for occupation on 19 April 1921. The building was of two storeys: the ground floor comprised vestibule, office, classrooms for applied mechanics, drawing, science, book keeping, shorthand and typing and the first floor comprised library, teachers room, classrooms for mathematics, art, millinery and dressmaking and cookery.</p><br>
<p>The new building enabled an expansion of technical courses in Townsville but the Department of Public Instruction decided that some students also needed access to general subjects. At the time no public secondary school existed in Townsville and the Department decided to open a High School in conjunction with the Technical College.</p><br>
<p>Due to the emphasis placed on vocational and technical training by the Department of Public Instruction, a formal high school system was not introduced in Queensland until February 1912. In 1911 the Queensland Legislative Assembly had granted funds for the establishment of high schools in towns were there was no grammar school and by 1912 six state high schools had been established. While the Queensland Government was reluctant to compete directly with the grammar schools by setting up high schools in opposition, it had no hesitation in annexing technical colleges in grammar school towns. The high schools could be accommodated in the existing technical colleges, minimising expenditure. The buildings were used as high schools by day and as technical colleges at night.</p><br>
<p>The Townsville High School was opened on 1 July 1924, with 63 students. Additional accommodation was necessary by the mid 1930s and in 1939 the Stanley Street wing was extended, in the same architectural style, to provide extra classrooms.</p><br>
<p>In 1964 Townsville State High School was relocated to a new complex at Boundary Street, South Townsville (now Railway Estate) and the site at Walker/Stanley Streets continued to provide technical education as the Townsville TAFE College. After the construction of a new TAFE campus on Fulham Road, Pimlico, the Walker/Stanley Street complex became known as the City Campus of the Barrier Reef Institute of TAFE, where the 1920/21 building functioned as an administration and classroom block.</p><br>
<p>Youth With A Mission (YWAM) moved into the building in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Block A is a prominent building being situated on the corner of Stanley and Walker Streets, against the dramatic backdrop of Castle Hill. The two-storeyed masonry building with a metal roof forms part of a group of buildings on the southern side of Stanley Street, including the former Townsville School of Arts and the Sacred Heart Cathedral, that contribute to the aesthetic qualities of views to Castle Hill.</p><br>
<p>Built to the street alignment, the building is composed of three main parts, a truncated corner structure and two flanking wings arranged in an L-shaped plan. The classical design of the facade is evident in the regular arrangement of windows, varied roofline of pediments and domes and classical detailing in balustrades and mouldings. The symmetrical composition emphasises the corner location. The external walls of the building are brickwork, rendered and painted where visible from the street.</p><br>
<p>The main entry is located at the truncated corner facing the Stanley and Walker Street intersection. In contrast to the rest of the facade, the entrance vestibule and the conference room, immediately above, are recessed behind narrow verandahs and surmounted by an octagonal dome. Each face of the octagonal base of the dome has a round window. A vented fleche surmounts the dome and three other similar fleches are mounted on the ridge of the roof. Panels of classical balusters form the parapet around the dome and the balustrade to the upper level verandah. The ground floor verandah has wrought iron balustrades.</p><br>
<p>On each of the street facades; adjacent to the corner structure, at the ends of each wing and in the centre of the Stanley Street wing, are projecting bays surmounted by open bed pediments and stepped parapets. Banded rustication emphasises the corners of the bays. Windows in the bays are arranged in groups of three, with two single sashes flanking a pair of casement windows. On the upper level of each bay the central window is arched. The elaborate moulding and keystone over the arched window protrude into the tympanum above. Windows are generally pairs of timber casements with pivoting highlights over.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor is raised above the street and a half flight of stairs at the street corner leads to glazed timber doors opening onto the entry vestibule. The entry vestibule is octagonal in plan with timber panelling up to door head height and a tiled floor. French doors open from the vestibule onto the narrow verandahs overlooking the street. The main stair, opposite the entrance door, consists of a single flight splitting midway up into two curved flights, positioned at 90 degrees to the lower flight. The stair, which is framed by an ornamental arch, has a decorative wrought iron balustrade and timber handrail. The flat-sheeted ceiling of the vestibule has timber cover battens laid out in a pattern reflecting the geometry of the room. A reception office is located adjacent to the entry vestibule. The entry vestibule opens onto verandahs on the back of the building that enclose two sides of a courtyard.</p><br>
<p>Each level of the building is similar in plan with offices and classrooms accessed from the rear verandahs. Lattice screens and timber doors secure the entry vestibule from the verandahs on the lower level. The verandahs have painted brick columns, timber floors and vertical slatted balustrades and are partly enclosed by brick walls and toilet facilities. The lower level verandah has a flat ripple iron ceiling and lattice valence while the upper level has a raked timber boarded ceiling. Half glazed timber doors to classrooms and offices open directly from the verandah. The walls facing onto the verandahs are unpainted brickwork. Window heads and sills are concrete. A flight of stairs, enclosed with lattice panels and doors, is located along the external edge of the verandah on the Stanley Street wing. A connection has been built between the western end of the Stanley Street wing and the adjoining Block E. A raised concrete walkway joins the end of the verandah on the upper level of the Walker Street wing.</p><br>
<p>On the first floor level above the main stair, a pair of silky oak doors with matching side lights open into the octagonal conference room. The conference room is a double height space encircled by a mezzanine gallery and lit from above by circular windows. A set of French doors opposite the entrance doors opens onto the verandah which overlooks the street. The ceiling of the space is domed and has timber cover battens relating to the geometry of the dome. The gallery, reached by a set of narrow stairs in a niche off the main space, has an iron balustrade incorporating a circular motif in the design.</p><br>
<p>The offices and classrooms have flat sheeted ceilings with timber cover battens laid out in a variety of orthogonal patterns. Timber framed vertical sliding black boards remain in some of the rooms. Exposed air conditioning ducts have been installed in some classrooms and offices.</p><br>
<p>The courtyard at the rear of the building contains a lush tropical garden.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Block A of the Townsville Technical College was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 May 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Designed and erected in 1920/21 as a technical college and utilized soon after construction as Townsvilles first high school, the former Townsville Technical College demonstrates the evolution of the Queensland Governments post-primary educational strategies. This building together with the former School of Arts on the opposite corner, show the pattern of development of technical education in Queensland, from establishment by local committees to subsequent government control in the early 20th century. Used since 1921 as a technical college and from 1924 to 1964 as a high school and technical college, the place demonstrates the development of technical and secondary education in important regional centres like Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Designed for its prominent corner location, the former Townsville Technical College is a fine example of an interwar public building in a classical style and is an excellent intact example of an early 20th century educational building designed by the Architectural Branch of the Queensland Department of Works. It is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of an early 20th century purpose-built technical college, including joint use for many years as a high school. The imposing classical facades and simple rational planning utilising open verandahs reflect Queensland government policy of the time, to raise community awareness about the value of technical training through the construction of a well designed building with a strong presence in the townscape. The former Townsville Technical College incorporates natural lighting and ventilation, and appropriate classroom arrangements and facilities for hygiene, which were common themes in the design of educational buildings in the first half of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former Townsville Technical College is part of a small group of historic buildings including the former School of Arts building and the Sacred Heart Cathedral, that create the foreground to picturesque views of Stanley Street dominated by the looming presence of Castle Hill.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>In continuing use as a technical college over a period of more than eighty years and as Townsville&#39;s first high school, the former Townsville Technical College has a special association for the Townsville community with the provision of State secondary and technical education.</p><br>
<p>Claytons Apothecaries Hall is a heritage-listed pharmacy at 221-223 Flinders Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1885. It is also known as Bamboo Inn and Pinocchio&#39;s Restaurant. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed masonry building was erected in 1885 for Townsville chemist William Clayton, who acquired the site early in 1885.</p><br>
<p>Clayton, an English pharmaceutical chemist, arrived in Townsville in the early 1870s, and purchased John E Rutherfords chemist business, the Apothecaries Hall, established in Townsville in 1866 by AH Cooper. In less than 15 years he developed the business into a prominent enterprise, as evidenced in the 1880s construction of his new building. William Clayton was an active community member: alderman on the Townsville Municipal Council for many years; Mayor of Townsville in 1890; member of the Thuringowa Divisional Board; member of the Hospital and School of Arts Committees; Master Freemason; and magistrate.</p><br>
<p>Clayton sold the Flinders Street East building in 1890, but then leased it until about 1909. The business then was then moved further west in the street to premises adjacent to Brodziak & Rodgers, in what by the early 1900s had become a more central location. William Clayton died in 1920, but his business was carried on by his son, Victor Osborne Clayton.</p><br>
<p>Since 1909, the Flinders Street East building has housed general offices, small business, shops and at least two restaurants.</p><br>
<p>As at March 2016, the building is occupied by a pie shop.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Claytons Apothecaries Hall is a two-storeyed rendered masonry building, with a corrugated iron gable roof concealed behind a parapet wall, located on the northern side of Flinders Street at the base of Melton Hill.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor facade has a recessed central entry with anodised aluminium framed windows on each side and glazing and glazed tiles to the walls. A metal awning is supported by the first floor facade, which consists of three arched windows with aluminium framed hoppers, framed by pilasters and cornice, surmounted by a central pediment with rendered balustrade.</p><br>
<p>The first floor is at ground level at the rear, with a concreted courtyard, containing air conditioning equipment, and separating it from a single-storeyed residence fronting Melton Terrace.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the restaurant has original stairs on the eastern side linking the ground and first floor, false ceilings, partition walls and recent fixtures and finishes.</p><br>
<p>There are dining rooms to both floors, and a kitchen is located on the ground floor at the rear with a concrete stair, built against excavated rock face, accessing the rear courtyard above. A third staircase has been inserted in the centre of the building to conform to fire regulations.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Claytons Apothecaries Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building, erected in 1885, is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the Townsville community, in particular its contribution in scale, form and materials to the streetscape of Flinders Street and to the Townsville townscape. It has a special association with early and prominent Townsville resident William Clayton, and his contribution to the development of Townsville in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the Townsville community, in particular its contribution in scale, form and materials to the streetscape of Flinders Street and to the Townsville townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has a special association with early and prominent Townsville resident William Clayton, and his contribution to the development of Townsville in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Marsh Stream Farm is a historic coastal farm property at 38 Marsh Stream Lane in Machiasport, Maine. Established in 1817, the property was used for sheep farming, a once-common occupation in coastal Maine, until 1987. It has a well-preserved collection of 19th-century farm buildings, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Marsh Stream Farm is located in a rural area of central western Machiasport, on the south side of East Kennebec Road. The farm occupies more than 200 acre of land between that road and the eastern branch of the Little Kennebec Bay, bounded on the east by Manchester Lane and roughly on the west by Marsh Stream Lane. The main farm complex is set amid fields a short way south of East Kennebec Road, at the mouth of Marsh Stream. It includes a c. 1817 farmhouse, a 19th-century English barn, and a number of other 19th and 20th-century outbuildings. About 3/4 of the farm property is wooded, the remainder is maintained as pasture.</p><br>
<p>The main house, oriented facing south toward the stream and the bay, is a 1-1/2 story Cape style wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a gabled roof, two small center chimneys, and clapboard siding. Each roof face has a gabled dormer. The original front door is framed by narrow pilasters and topped by a four-light transom window. Some of the interior rooms have retained significant original finishes from the period of construction.</p><br>
<p>Land for the farm was purchased in 1814 by William Holway, a native of Machias. By 1817 he had built the house, as well as a wharf and store (now only ruins remaining) on the bay. Holway raised sheep on the farm, a practice that would continue by following owners until 2003. The English barn, a well-preserved 19th-century structure, has modifications diverging from the typical form that are specific to the practice of sheep farming, and is an extremely rare example of this type of structure in Maine, which was once much more common.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Allen & Sons Building is a heritage-listed commercial building at 247 Flinders Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1881 to 1910. It was also known as Hogs Breath Cafe. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This building was constructed in 1881 as a single-storeyed produce store for Samuel Allen & Company (later Samuel Allen & Sons). The company had been established in Townsville since 1872 and became an Australia-wide mercantile firm.</p><br>
<p>With the expansion of the firm, a second floor was added in 1910 and the facade was altered with the addition of a heavily decorated parapet.</p><br>
<p>After the building was sold in 1979 the ground floor facade was renovated.</p><br>
<p>In 1991 the structure was converted to a cafe/nightclub. It later became a branch of the Hog&#39;s Breath Cafe restaurant chain. As at March 2016, the building was for sale subject to the existing tenancy of a Brazilian churrascarria restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building is constructed of brick with contrasting bands of stucco on the facade. It is surmounted by a parapet with heavy decorative accents, which conceals the corrugated iron roof.</p><br>
<p>The window frames have been replaced with aluminium and the ground floor facade has been painted cream.</p><br>
<p>The 1910 street awning, with timber supports, remains intact although a large sign has been added.</p><br>
<p>Most of the interior has been altered, but the original ceiling of the upper floor remains.</p><br>
<p>The building, although altered internally, survives among a group of colonial to federation period structures in a commercial streetscape.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Samuel Allen & Sons Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building, constructed in two stages (1881 and 1910), is significant historically as the Townsville headquarters of the important trading firm of Samuel Allen & Sons, and is a surviving example of a late 19th century commercial building.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It contributes to a distinctive historical commercial streetscape at the western end of Flinders Street East.</p><br>
<p>Howard Smith Company Building is a heritage-listed office building at 224 Flinders Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Charles Dalton Lynch and Walter Hunt and built from 1910 to 1911 by Hanson & Sons. It is also known as Patterson, and Reid & Bruce Ltd Building and Agora House. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed commercial building was erected in 1910-11 as new offices for the Townsville branch of the Howard Smith Company Ltd, a substantial Australian coastal shipping company.</p><br>
<p>The firm was established in Melbourne in the early 1850s by Captain William Howard Smith. Its operations were extended to Central Queensland in 1870, and to Townsville in 1882, in the form of an agency. The firm, by then known as Howard Smith & Sons Ltd, made an important economic contribution to the development of North Queensland through its trading ventures and shipping network.</p><br>
<p>By the 1890s a Townsville branch had been established at Queens Wharf. About 1900 the firm leased a single-storeyed brick building in Flinders Street, erected for them by shipping and commercial agents Aplin, Brown & Crawshay, who occupied the adjacent building at the corner of Flinders and Denham Streets. Shortly after this, in 1901, the business was reconstructed as the Howard Smith Company Ltd. In 1909 Harry Bellingham Howard Smith (managing director of the company and son of the founder of the firm) purchased two allotments on the other side of the leased premises in Flinders Street. On these, Howard Smith Companys own building was erected in 1910-11, and occupied in March 1911.</p><br>
<p>The new building was designed by Townsville architects Charles Dalton Lynch and Walter Hunt, and was erected by contractors Hanson & Sons. It was considered to be of progressive construction at the time. The front section of the building was two-storeyed, and contained offices for lease. The rear was single-storeyed, and contained a single large chamber which accommodated the company&#39;s own offices. Part of this space was enclosed by a counter, which was flanked by offices of the manager, accountant, correspondence clerks and engineer. These were divided by low partitions in silky oak and oriental glass. Above was a flat roof of reinforced concrete and a large skylight, with windows operated by continuous rod-gearing. The architects invented their own formula for waterproofing the concrete roof. A second storey, with a clerestory, had been added to this rear section in 1920.</p><br>
<p>Howard Smith sold the building in 1969 to Paterson Reid & Bruce Ltd. In 1979 the building was sold again and its ground floor interior was altered to accommodate three shops, and it is understood the name was changed to Agora House at this time. In 1991 the first floor was converted to residential accommodation.</p><br>
<p>As at March 2016, the ground floor is occupied by a number of shops, while the upper floor is a 3-bedroom apartment.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Howard Smith Company Building is a two-storeyed concrete building fronting Flinders Street to the northwest, with Denham Lane to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor has a central recessed entry, with double doors and fanlights into a shop either side and a central foyer. Each shop has a large display window, and a recessed entrance door, leading to a staircase to the first floor, is situated on the western side. A metal awning is slung from the first floor, which has a recessed loggia and a parapet concealing the roof form, which is possibly shallow, hipped corrugated iron with ridge ventilation.</p><br>
<p>The first floor loggia consists of three arched bays with rendered balustrade, separated by pilasters supporting deep cornices on either side of a raised central rounded pediment surmounted by a shield. Sash windows open onto the loggia, with a door at the eastern end.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the building has metal framed hopper windows with a two-storeyed, skillion roofed amenities addition on the western side, and a single-storeyed carport/loading area with roller doors beside.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the central foyer splays open off a short hall and has a shop at the rear. The foyer space has a row of original cast iron columns along the eastern side and a recessed lighting grid to the ceiling. The eastern shop has a section of pressed metal ceiling at the front, and enclosed window openings can be seen along the eastern wall. The rear shop has a strongroom and a large sliding door to the rear carport/loading area.</p><br>
<p>The first floor possibly has rooms at the front, a large open space behind with a kitchenette and bathroom along the rear wall, and sections of raised timber floor.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Howard Smith Company Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Erected in 1910-11, the building is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, being surviving evidence in Townsville of the important Queensland economic recovery of the early 20th century; an early use of concrete construction in a Townsville commercial building; and evidence of the continued development of Townsville as the principal port of North Queensland in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of an early 20th century, two-storeyed commercial building in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the Townsville community, in particular the contribution of the building, through its composition of classical elements, to the streetscape of Flinders Street and to the Townsville townscape; and the quality of design of the building and surviving original interior elements.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has a special association with the important Australian coastal shipping firm Howard Smith Company Ltd, and its contribution to the economic development of Townsville and North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Aplin Brown & Company Building is a heritage-listed commercial building at 232-234 Flinders Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1887 by Rooney Brothers. It is also known as Buckaroos Restaurant, Family Services, and Toulas Taverna. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This building was constructed in 1887 by Rooney Brothers as offices for the trading endeavours of Aplin Brown & Company, one of the leading mercantile companies in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Townsville was established in 1864 by partners John Melton Black and Robert Towns and Port of Townsville was gazetted as a port of entry in 1865. It grew quickly as a supply centre and by 1873 the port was receiving international as well as coastal traffic. Improvements were carried out to port facilities to allow larger ships to anchor. By 1880 Townsville was the port for several major goldfields and had opened the first stage of the Great Northern railway line westwards through Charters Towers and beyond, consolidating its importance as a port and mercantile centre. Townsville had many prosperous mercantile and shipping firms including that of Aplin Brown and Co. Both Aplin and Brown were mayors of Townsville, Aplin in 1869 and Brown in 1883, demonstrating the importance of commerce in the growth of the city.</p><br>
<p>William Aplin commenced business with William Clifton as merchants in Townsville in 1864, at that time catering for the pastoral industry. They purchased a block of land at the corner of Flinders and Denham Streets, conveniently close to the Ross Creek wharves, but their building was destroyed in a cyclone in 1866. They rebuilt and Henry Aplin joined the firm. In 1879 William Villiers Brown, formerly manager of the Bank of New South Wales in Townsville, became a partner, and in 1880 when Mr Clifton left Townsville, the firm became Aplin Brown & Company. By 1880 Aplin Brown one of the leading merchants firms in Townsville, servicing both the pastoral industry and the extensive gold mining centres of the inland. Amongst other activities, they imported mining and industrial machinery.</p><br>
<p>In 1881, The Queenslander noted that "the Hon. W. Aplin is about to embark upon pastoral pursuits, having retired from the firm of which he was the popular chief." The firm then became a limited company and continued to expand. The first steel ship built in Townsville was built for them in 1884 and in 1885 the firm acquired a wharf in Brisbane and set up a branch which specialised in importing goods from the USA. They established branches at Burketown and Port Darwin and in 1887 Aplin and Brown commissioned Rooney Brothers to design a new head office for the company, taking out a mortgage on the land for £6000.</p><br>
<p>Rooney Brothers was a partnership of Irish brothers John and Matthew Rooney. John Rooney had initially been in partnership with another brother, Jacob, in Maryborough where they worked as builders and contractors from 1868. In 1875 John became the Townsville partner in the firm and in 1882 formed a new partnership with Matthew as architects, builders and contractors. They formed a second company, Rooney & Co. in partnership with James Harvey and this firm were timber merchants, sawmillers and joiners. Amongst other business, they supplied mining settlements with timber, prefabricated buildings and such items as ironmongery and furniture.</p><br>
<p>The new building reflected the prosperity and prestige of the company, being a handsome masonry structure of neo-classical design. It was also designed to amply fulfil the business needs of the company. The ground floor had rooms branching from a central hall that housed insurance, shipping and sales departments, a private office, bookkeepers and cashiers offices and a strong room. The upper level contained a large correspondence room and office, but did not extend over the sales and shipping department which occupied the rear of the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>In 1891 the building was leased to the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney for three years, but the connection with Aplin Brown did not cease and in 1899 a new title for the property was issued under the name of Aplin Brown and Crawshay Limited. In 1913 the building was purchased by another important northern trading company, Bartlam&#39;s Limited. They were general merchants who supplied stations in western Queensland and who, by the mid 1920s had also taken over the premises of Wright Heaton in Charters Towers, thus having offices at both port and western centre.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor of the building on the northern elevation to Flinders Street was originally built as an arcaded loggia with the window line recessed one bay. This was enclosed, probably during the 1930s, and the former front wall removed. This may also have been when the balustraded parapet was removed. In 1944 the property was transferred to Alfred and Arthur Howard Emery, but by 1950 was owned by the Mutual Life & Citizens Assurance Company Limited.</p><br>
<p>The former Aplin & Company building was acquired in 1974 by the Queensland Government and the land designated Reserve 740. The building was used by the Department of Family Services and during this occupancy the interior was modified to meet office requirements. The Government sold the building in 1995 to another owner who converted the ground floor for use as a dress shop. Since 1997 this floor has functioned as a restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Aplin Brown and Company building is a masonry building situated on a wedge shaped block of land at the corner of Flinders and Denham Streets, opposite the post office and Perc Tucker Art Gallery, formerly the Union Bank.</p><br>
<p>The main part of the building at the corner is two storeys in height and the section to the rear along Denham Street is single storey. The corrugated iron roof is concealed by a severely plain parapet.</p><br>
<p>The elevations to Flinders and Denham Streets are rendered and divided into bays by pilasters, with horizontal architraves and a projecting cornice above. Between are single-pane vertical sash windows with rounded heads and render mouldings. Formerly an arcade, the archways of the lower level of the northern elevation have been infilled with windows similar to those of the remainder of the building, although the mouldings to these former archways are a higher level than those of the adjoining windows.</p><br>
<p>The entry is presently at the eastern end of the Flinders Street elevation, rising up several steps to the glazed entry. Once inside, a timber staircase gives access to the upper level. A lantern was built above the staircase.</p><br>
<p>There is a rear entry to the building from the laneway to the south. The interior of the building has been altered substantially for office accommodation with the installation of air-conditioning, false ceilings, partitions and toilets to the rear of the single-storey wing and the upper level.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Aplin Brown & Company Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The design and quality of the former Aplin Brown & Company building demonstrates the prosperity of Townsville in the 1880s and the way in which North Queensland was developed by the establishment of key ports as commercial and administrative centres. Located on a major intersection of Townsville&#39;s central business district and conveniently close to the wharves, the Aplin and Company building is a reminder of the importance of trade to this development.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Aplin Brown & Company building is important as a good example of a substantial nineteenth century office building in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former Aplin Brown & Company building is located on the major intersection of Denham and Flinders Streets, where, by its design, form and materials, it makes a substantial visual contribution to the built character of the city.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed for Aplin Brown & Company, a mercantile and shipping firm who made a major contribution to the prosperity of Townsville in the 19th century. It is also connected with Bartlam&#39;s Limited, another important North Queensland merchant and with the firm of Rooney Bros. who were influential in North Queensland as architects, builders and contractors.</p><br>
<p>Brown Shoe Companys Homes-Take Factory, also known as the International Hat Company Warehouse, is a historic building location at 1201 Russell Boulevard in the Soulard neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri. Built in 1904, by renowned architect Albert B. Groves, the building was originally a factory for the Brown Shoe Company, based in St. Louis. In 1954, the factory was subsequently converted into a warehouse by the International Hat Company. The site has been recognized as a testament to Groves architectural expertise in the principles of factory design, namely technical advances in layout planning, operational efficiency, and employee safety. Additionally, the factory epitomizes the early 20th century cultural transformation and socio-industrial development of St. Louis into a manufacturing powerhouse. In particular, the Brown Shoe Company is recognized as a principal player in challenging the 19th century dominance of the New England shoe industry. This significantly contributed to the early 20th century sobriquet of St. Louis as the city of "shoes, booze, and blues." The Brown Shoe Company&#39;s Homes-Take factory is considered to be among the pioneering industrial facilities of this historic transformation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Homes-Take factory was designed and constructed in 1904 by the noted St. Louis architect Albert B. Groves (1866-1925). The Brown Shoe Company paid $66,000 for the construction project, which with inflation would cost over $1,700,000 in 2015. Groves designed and built eighteen churches in St. Louis, as well as a myriad of commercial, residential, and industrial buildings. In particular, Groves developed eleven factories for the Brown Shoe Company. The Homes-Take factory began production with a medium-priced line of women&#39;s dress shoes.</p><br>
<p>During the Great Depression, the factory was permanently mothballed. In 1954, the property was bought by the International Hat Company, which converted the factory into a warehouse. The Mexican Hat factory purchased a separate part of the building and converted the section into office space. The International Hat warehouse operated until 1976. That same year, the entire building was sold to the Junior Achievement of the Mississippi Valley. In 1978, the building was bought by Allen Market Lane Apartments. According to historian M. M. Constanin, the area at the time appeared as a sort of "Brechtian gloom," insofar as the abandoned building and street created a sense of alienation and detachment from the once vibrant and purposeful area.</p><br>
<p>On October 20, 1980, the building was formally added to the National Register of Historic Places after being petitioned by Allen Market Lane Apartments. Since 1980, the property has operated as a senior and disabled living center, with 100 units. The apartment complex was thoroughly renovated in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Homes-Take factory was originally designed to be a four story, rectangular red brick building, measuring sixty by three hundred feet. The building occupies approximately one half of a city block. A dominant feature of the architectural design is the closely spaced windows, ten feet by three-and-a-half feet. As part of the restoration of the building, Allen Market Lane Apartments installed historically-correct, single hung Quaker windows. In 2005, the windows were custom designed to preserve the original aesthetic quality and structural integrity of the original 1904 glass work. Preserving the windows was a necessary element of the process of obtaining and maintaining government approval of the building onto the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Manhattan Beach Jewish Center is a historic synagogue and community center located in the Manhattan Beach neighborhood of Brooklyn, Kings County, New York. Located at 60 West End Avenue, the synagogue was completed in 1952. It was designed by Jacob W. Sherman in the Bauhaus style, similar to European synagogues of the 1930s, Ten years after the synagogue was opened, the adjoining seven-story community center was built. The "Center" is an excellent example of the "Jewish Center" movement which was coming into its own at the time. The synagogue is a two-story-and-mezzanine Modern Movement building with a limestone façade and granite base. It has a short tower and recessed shallow entrance porch, flanked on either side by a single unadorned column.</p><br>
<p>The Orthodox Jewish community which built the synagogue and adjoining community center is itself over 90 years old.</p><br>
<p>During Superstorm Sandy the Center experienced serious damage. Assemblyman Steven Cymbrowitz witnessed 350,000 gallons of water and oil pumped out of the basement. Two years after the storm the Center was still recovering.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015. It was one of only two properties in all of New York City go be nominated for the distinction by Governor Andrew Cuomo, to both the State and National Registers of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Dalgety Offices is a heritage-listed office building at 1-13 Sturt Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Walter Hunt and built from 1923 to 1925 by William Hornby Turner. It is also known as Sunskill House. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 August 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The two-storeyed office section of this large reinforced concrete building was erected for Dalgety & Co. Ltd in 1923-24 and the single-storeyed warehouse, which fronts Denham Street, was constructed in 1924-25. The designer of both sections was prominent local architect Walter Hunt and the contractor was William Hornby Turner. The complex was constructed during a period of economic boom in Queensland and overall rising rural prosperity, despite the collapse of the north Queensland beef export trade in 1921.</p><br>
<p>In 1846 one of Australias largest and most successful 19th century pastoral companies was established in Melbourne as Dalgety, Borrodale and Gore. The company flourished during the 1850s gold rushes and in the middle of the decade opened an office in London. In 1859 this became the head office from which the companys various Victorian and, by then, New Zealand interests were controlled. The firm expanded to New South Wales in 1878, to Western Australia in 1889 and South Australia in 1897. The first Queensland office was established at Rockhampton in 1891 in response to the companys heavy involvement in the Central Queensland grazing industry. A branch was established in Brisbane in 1894 and a Townsville branch in 1896. Subsequent Queensland sub-branches were opened in Hughenden, Longreach, Blackall, Charleville and Toowoomba. Dalgety and Co. Ltd. played a significant role in the development of the pastoral industry (particularly through wool brokerage and property investment) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was the single largest supplier to Queenslands first wool sale, conducted in Brisbane in 1898, which contributed to the establishment of Teneriffe in Brisbane as Queensland&#39;s principal wool-stores precinct. By the late 1920s, the company was promoting itself as the largest wool-selling house in Australasia.</p><br>
<p>Dalgety & Co.s Townsville office and warehouse were housed initially in leased premises in Denham Street, just south of Sturt Street. By 1920, the need for additional accommodation was becoming critical. Dalgety had emerged as a major provisioner to North Queensland pastoralists and farmers and purpose built Townsville premises would consolidate their position. In 1920 Dalgety & Co. acquired title to a site at the northern corner of Denham and Sturt Streets, which had remained vacant since the destruction by fire of the Day Dawn Hotel some twenty years before. The company commissioned Walter Hunt, arguably Townsvilles most experienced architect, to prepare plans for new offices and warehouse facilities. Hunt commenced practice in Townsville in 1909 and taught architecture at the Townsville Technical College, maintaining his Townsville practice until retiring to Sydney in 1932. He designed the reinforced concrete St Joseph&#39;s Church, Fryer Street, erected in 1920-21 and was in the process of designing the Dalgety & Company building in Sturt Street while he supervised the construction of the Commonwealth Bank Building.</p><br>
<p>Although tenders for the Dalgety building were called in May 1920, they were difficult to obtain as local contractors feared labour stoppages combined with an increase in the price of building materials. Nothing further was done toward erecting new premises until December 1922 when the board approved that tenders be called for a concrete building. This was delayed until July 1923, anticipating that by then several leading building contractors would be less busy and the competition might be keener. The suggestion of a reinforced concrete rather than brick building was endorsed by the General Manager who remarked that concrete was preferable to brick with an additional advantage that it would be less costly. A long established Townsville builder, William Hornby Turner, submitted the lowest tender with a price of £15,938. Building commenced on 1 August 1923. The whole was to be constructed within 12 months, with the offices erected first.</p><br>
<p>The Dalgety & Co. building was one of the largest reinforced-concrete projects undertaken during Townsvilles building boom of the early 1920s. Townsvilles two leading architects, Walter Hunt and CV Rees, designed a substantial number of reinforced-concrete buildings for Townsville and other areas of northern Queensland in the early 1920s. Some of the larger projects included an engineering works, showrooms, factories and offices. A number of single storeyed shops and offices in reinforced concrete were commissioned including a large residence in Flinders Street for Dr Anton Breinl, Walter Hunt being the architect. As well, many businesses were incorporating reinforced-concrete in remodeled premises. Hunt and Rees encouraged the use of reinforced-concrete as a cheaper and more readily available alternative to brick. At the time building materials in Townsville were significantly higher in price than in the south owing to high transport costs. While it was expected that this would be relieved by the completion of the North Coast railway line to Townsville, face bricks from Brisbane still cost £20 per 1000, thus giving prominence to alternative building materials.</p><br>
<p>Poor weather and labour materials hindered construction. However, by July 1924 rapid progress was being made with the office block and by October 1924 it was nearing completion. Dalgety&#39;s Townsville staff finally moved into their new offices on 1 December 1924, and into the warehouse just prior to 30 June 1925. This was despite the fact that the warehouse was not quite finished.</p><br>
<p>The new office and warehouse offered a frontage of 93 feet to Sturt Street and 165 feet to Denham Street. Although the office section was only two-storeys, it gave the appearance of a three-storeyed building, with the ground floor 7 feet above the Sturt Street pavement at the main entrance. This entrance to the offices had a carved handrail leading up to the first floor. The new building made an imposing contribution to Denham and Sturt Streets and was described in the Architectural and Building Journal of Queensland in October 1924 as being one of the most modern and imposing concrete structures in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The design and choice of material was noted for its cyclone resistance with ample provision made for light, ventilation and modern sanitary arrangements. In particular the ventilators were regarded as a suitable addition to a tropical climate and were a notable feature.</p><br>
<p>Dalgety & Co Ltd. occupied the ground floor offices and the first floor was leased to two legal firms. The fittings and fixtures in the offices were of paneled silky oak and arctic glass, with the ceilings fitted with fibrolite, a popular new product made of asbestos sheeting. The window fittings were constructed of oak.</p><br>
<p>The ventilation of the building consisted of special ventilators positioned in both the interior and exterior of the building. The interior walls had vents made out of fibrous plaster and situated between the picture rail and the ceiling whereas the exterior ones were made of louvred galvanized iron. Cornice and base mouldings were kept to a minimal in an endeavour to avoid dust being carried through the ventilation system.</p><br>
<p>A Montgomerie Neilsen oxidising non-septic toilet system was installed with a large brick tank under the building. This basement was accessed from the rear of the building. Inside the building the toilets were located at the rear of the office on both levels. There were two strong rooms on the first floor for the use of the tenants, and a third strong room on the ground floor for Dalgety & Co. The downstairs strong room was fitted with a protex door. The warehouse when complete had a truck loading dock and vehicle access ramp.</p><br>
<p>Dalgety & Co.&#39;s Townsville branch offered a range of financial and merchandising services which helped sustain the North Queensland pastoral sector. In 1925-26 the firm advertised as financial, insurance, stock and station and shipping agents; wool, grain and produce brokers; and general merchants, with Queensland branches at Brisbane, Rockhampton, Townsville and Toowoomba and sub-branches at Charleville, Longreach, Hughenden and Blackall. The firm bought and sold stock and stations throughout Australia and were agents for a raft of insurances to suit rural property owners, including marine, livestock, fire and accident insurance, as well as being the agents for firms handling worker compensation claims. In addition the company was the agent for many specialist companies supplying oil engines, irrigation plants, gas plants, pumps and boilers, portable steam engines, traction engines, road rollers, centrifugal pumps, farm machinery and separators. The firm also merchandised a range of practical products for farmers and graziers, such as fencing wire, gates and steel droppers and was an agent for motor cars such as Daimler, Austin and Rover and Halley and Lacre commercial lorries. In the mid 1920s Dalgety & Co. were agents for two shipping lines - the Aberdeen and White Star - and at Townsville was the booking agent with these lines for domestic passages south to Brisbane and Sydney and overseas to England.</p><br>
<p>After World War Two Dalgety & Co.&#39;s commercial focus shifted to more general lines such as groceries, hardware, wine and spirits. Through their role as shipping and insurance agents they continued to provide important services to the regional community and were the principal domestic and overseas airline booking agent in the region.</p><br>
<p>Dalgety & Co. sold the site in 1978. In 1979 the two-storeyed section was converted into three storeys of shops and offices including two restaurants and a bar in the old basement area. The single-storeyed warehouse was converted into a shopping arcade. In the early 1980s, canvas awnings were erected over the several doorways.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, the single-storeyed warehouse was redevloped as an apartment tower called "The Dalgety".</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Dalgety Offices and its former warehouse frontage are located at the corner of Denham and Sturt streets within the central business district of Townsville. It is situated within the same city block as the former Magistrate Court and Osler House. The building comprises two sections; a two-storeyed building along Sturt Street and a single-storeyed building facing Denham Street. Both are of reinforced concrete construction.</p><br>
<p>The Office building is a substantial structure situated on a corner block facing both Denham and Sturt streets. The exterior of the building retains original features such as pilasters and arched windows. A decorative plinth, finished with painted stucco runs across the width and breadth of the building interrupted by doorways. At its highest point on the Sturt Street side, the plinth stands at a height of 6 ft or approximately 1.8 metres and originally set an impressive entrance to the main office building. This entrance area is flanked by four partly fluted decorative pilasters, which incorporate neo-classical details and small Ionic capitals and is capped by a modest concrete cornice. The pattern of decorative pilasters extends upwards to the cornice and capped by ionic capitals. It does not extend to the top of the parapet.</p><br>
<p>On either side of the main Sturt Street entrance more modest pilasters extend from the plinth level through to the parapet giving a uniform visual effect. These are spaced at regular intervals. A second less ornate entrance is situated on Denham Street. On both Denham and Sturt streets above the base plinth are white painted top hung aluminum windows situated at regular intervals. Original timber four-segmented lights cap them. The aluminum windows are sympathetic to the original double hung timber windows.</p><br>
<p>Above each ground floor window are formed plastered arches and a decorative keystone. On the upper floor level of the building the timber windows have been replaced with aluminum and glass but again are sympathetic to the original.</p><br>
<p>The high parapet of the office portion of the building conceals an unusual five vaulted roof of steel construction and built in separate sections. It had two roof vents per roof which have since been removed. There is also a smaller skillion roof at the back of four of the vaults.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the former Dalgety office building has been modified from two to three floors with the original bottom floor level raised up and the basement made into two business areas, one large and one small. The smaller business area is located predominantly along the Denham Street side. It has two original small timber and glass windows protected by metal grills located along Denham Street and one window facing Sturt Street. This has been enlarged and the grilling removed. Access to both businesses in the basement is via a foyer which was the original main entrance situated on Sturt Street. Modifications include the removal of the large timber doors and large timber staircase leading to the first floor and the area blocked off. Out the front on Sturt Street there is an introduced metal and canvas awning.</p><br>
<p>The first floor has been internally modified with the removal of entrance stairs and the raising of a portion of the floor to give the basement area enough head clearance. This is the first structural bay in from the street frontage of the building. Half of the internal floor is the original height and is constructed of ex 5 inch hardwood boards and extends to the back of the building. Access to the modified floor is achieved by a small set of stairs at regular intervals around the room. The strongroom remains in operation at the back of the building and includes its original Protex fire resisting door. The brand name clearly in view. Original boxing around the timber columns has been removed exposing the sawn timber columns on the first floor, which are now incorporated as design features. Exposed air conditioning ducting has been added below the second floor ceiling with the main plant room possibly located in the old strong room area. The original louvre vents are retained on the exterior wall of which some have been covered up internally.</p><br>
<p>The second floor has not been raised or lowered and retains many original features. The space provided for the two main businesses is very likely to be similar to the original division of space although modern glazed aluminum screens, doors, and partitions have been added as entry to the businesses. The kitchen, storage and toilets remain located along the back wall under the skillion roof area. Original features on the second level include 6-inch hoop pine floorboards, fibrolite ceiling with timber strapping, simple cornice and floor mouldings and no internal architraves around the windows. Boxed facings to the timber columns have been removed exposing the sawn timber columns which are now incorporated as design features. Between the columns some original pine floorboards have been removed and replaced with 3-inch hardwood boards. Substantial air conditioning ducting has been added below the ceiling and is painted in the same colour as the ceiling. Partitions erected in one business, as small consulting rooms do not extend up to the ceiling and are reversible. Aluminum and glass windows have replaced the timber windows and have been made in a style sympathetic to the original. Access to upstairs is gained by a flight of stairs or lift from Denham Street as well as from other service stairs from Sturt Street. These smaller service stairs retain some original features such as art nouveau vents, but alteration to the configuration of the stairs is evident.</p><br>
<p>Dalgety&#39;s warehouse section has been converted into a shopping arcade which is accessed through a concrete tiled ramp and has a painted aluminum roller door. The warehouse has been fitted out with a series of individual shops incorporating aluminum and glass shop fronts and access to the shops within the warehouse is either from a central arcade which runs perpendicular to the main arcade entrance or from Denham Street. One business accessed from Denham Street has an aluminum and glass door fitted in the space originally occupied by a window. The original timber framed segmented window above each window remains. Modest canvas awnings are located over the windows and doorways along Denham Street.</p><br>
<p>Due to the retention of many internal features, the overall size, aesthetic street elevations and position on a corner block, the integrity of the building remains high. It is a building displaying uniform visual features and retains aspects of neo-classical design popular for commercial buildings in Queensland during the 1920s.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Dalgety Offices and former warehouse frontage was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 August 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1923-25 for important Australian pastoral firm Dalgety & Co Ltd., the site is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history. It provides evidence of the 1920s building boom during which a number of substantial warehouse and offices in Townsville were constructed and reflects an important period of north Queensland rural prosperity. It is one of the largest reinforced-concrete buildings to survive from this era, when reinforced concrete dominated in commercial building construction in northern Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The site remains substantially intact and is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its class. It is a substantial structure in reinforced concrete, combining clearly differentiated office and warehouse areas. This demarcation is articulated in the exterior facades, with the office section located prominently at the intersection of two streets and designed to present an aesthetic facade to both streets and the warehouse presenting a more functional, less decorative street elevation. The building illustrates adaptation to the tropical climate, including a substantial ventilation system and steel-framed roof constructed in vaulted sections to withstand cyclones in the office section. The use of a multi-vaulted roof on the office section is unusual. The place is a good example of the work of influential Townsville architect Walter Hunt, who designed a number of reinforced concrete commercial buildings in the 1920s and 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Through its scale, design, materials and decorative detailing, the building presents an aesthetic exterior and makes an important contribution to Townsville&#39;s inner city townscape. Its location within the same city block as the former Townsville Magistrates Court and Osler House enhances the heritage significance of the Sturt Street streetscape and inner city precinct.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>As the Townsville offices and warehouse of Dalgety & Co Ltd for over half a century, the place has a special association with one of the largest and most successful pastoral firms in Australia. It provided a Townsville focus for the north Queensland pastoral community through much of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Cluden Racecourse is a heritage-listed racecourse at 1 Racecourse Road, Cluden, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Walter Howard Tunbridge and built in 1896 by Mr Reid. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Townsville was founded in 1864 by partners John Melton Black and Robert Towns as a port and commercial centre for the pastoral industry north of the Burdekin. The Port of Townsville was gazetted as a port of entry in 1865 and grew quickly. The first sporting institution formed was the Burdekin and Flinders Turf Club in May 1866. The patron was the Governor of Queensland, Sir George Ferguson Bowen, who supported horse racing as a means of improving breeding and with an eye to the development of a Queensland cavalry. The inaugural president was Robert Towns. The first race meeting was a three-day event held in mid-August 1866 with substantial prizes being offered. Early meetings were held in several locations, including Cleveland Park in the Garbutt area and Hermit Park. In 1874 the government granted the club a reserve for a racecourse and the name was changed about this time to the Townsville Turf Club, which name it has retained. Work soon began on a proper track on a reserve of 64 acres on the Dalrymple Road.</p><br>
<p>The discovery of gold gave great impetus to the development of Townsville and by 1880 it was serving several major goldfields in the north. The Great Northern railway was proposed to link Townsville with the important goldfield at Charters Towers in the late 1870s. The line from Townsville opened to Mingela in late 1881 and to Charters Towers in December 1882. Dr Frost and Mr A.H. Rourke of the Townsville Turf Club proposed a change of site for the course so that advantage could be taken of this rail service. Cluden Park had been established on the south side of Ross River in the early years of settlement and was about three miles from Townsville by rail. The site selected for the new course was only a few minutes walk from the Cluden railway station. A race track was cleared and marked out and a temporary stand erected for the first meeting. In spite of reservations about the move from members and patrons, the vastly improved accessibility of the new course made it successful from the start. Improvements consisting of a grandstand, stewards and press stand, booths and totalisator were constructed in 1883 at a cost of £2500.</p><br>
<p>On January 26, 1896 Cyclone Sigma swept through Townsville, causing considerable damage. At Cluden railway station, the rails were six feet under water and the racecourse buildings were devastated. The grandstand had collapsed and the stables, training sheds and a number of local houses had been swept away. The Annual Townsville Turf Club Race Meeting was scheduled for 14 July and the committee decided that it would attempt to rebuild the course in time for this. Although Tunbridge & Tunbridge, as a major architectural firm in the city, was inundated with work at this time, Walter Howard Tunbridge designed a new set of buildings for the course. They consisted of a grandstand to seat 700 with a lunchroom beneath at a cost of £1600, plus a totalisator building, judge&#39;s box, gates and stables. The existing damaged grandstand was recycled with more comfortable seating as a St Leger stand, which has since been removed. The whole project was estimated to cost over £2000. Thanks to strenuous efforts on the part of the architect, the Club Secretary, Mr James Simpson Love, and the contractor, Mr Reid, the new amenities were ready for use on time, although the final details, like painting, had to wait until after the meeting.</p><br>
<p>This was an immense success with 923 people arriving by rail alone. £370 was taken at the gate and £8107 at the totalisator over the two days, setting a new record. Prize money totalled £840. The new facilities, especially the grandstand and the well-ventilated and commodious lunch room and bar underneath it were much appreciated by the public and highly praised in the press. Even "Feminine" who provided social notes for the North Queensland Herald, commented approvingly on the wide aisles and more spacious seating, because "in this age of large sleeves and full skirts, we require rather more than elbow room&quot an interesting comment in the light of the opinion of the racing press that levels of female attendance had a strong effect on the success or otherwise of a race meeting.</p><br>
<p>A totalisator was constructed to the rear of the grandstand and the building is still present, though now used as offices. The totalisator system has been in use since the 1860s, though the earliest system, the Pari-Mutuel, was cumbersome and expensive, needing a large number of clerks to make the necessary calculations. The system works on the principle of totalling the bets made on a particular race and then dividing this sum, less a percentage for the operator, amongst those selecting the winning horse in proportion to the amount of their wager. Bets are registered and dividends displayed on a special board. In 1887 a partially automated system was in use in Australia and may have been in use at Cluden, there having been a totalisator on the course before the 1896 rebuild. A Totalisator Tax Act was introduced in 1892 in which the government deducted sixpence in the pound of stake receipts. In 1913 an Australian, George (later Sir) Julius, invented a fully automated system which was introduced at Randwick in September 1917 and was soon widely in use in Australia and overseas.</p><br>
<p>By the next meeting of the Townsville Turf Club, work had been completed on the new buildings and the grandstand roof was painted in broad stripes and topped with flagpoles at each end of the ridge and roof corners, giving the building a distinctly carnival air. Similar stripes were also applied to the shallow concave roof lines of the totalisator building and two sets of entrance gates. A lower tier of seating, which was not undercover, was originally at the front of the grandstand, but seems to have been removed at an early stage in favour of a sloping lawn.</p><br>
<p>Major repairs were needed to the grandstand following Cyclone Leonta which struck Townsville with devastating effect in 1903 and a new members bar was added in 1923 by Charles Venden Rees. He also added a new stewards&#39; stand and such improvements as new lavatories to the grandstand in 1927.</p><br>
<p>During the Second World War, the racecourse was used as a military camp by the Australian Army. However, the Commanding Officer understood the value of the races to the morale of the troops and public and so the whole troop concentration moved out every Saturday so that the races could be held.</p><br>
<p>After Cyclone Althea in 1972 repairs were again needed and a toilet block and car park were added at this time. In 1983, a substantial upgrade of facilities was carried out by architects Martin Dillon and Associates. New toilets and drink serving areas were provided to the ground floor of the grandstand and new totalisator facilities, a glassed-in viewing area and catering facilities on the first floor. The roof sheeting was replaced, but the original seating was retained and materials were chosen to be sympathetic to the structure. Additional covered areas and a kiosk replaced sheds adjacent to the grandstand at this time. The refurbished facilities were opened in 1984 by the Minister for Racing.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The three buildings which form components of Tunbridge&#39;s suite of buildings for the site have generally retained their character and much of their original form.</p><br>
<p>In spite of upgrades to facilities made over the years and repairs following at least two cyclones, the grandstand has retained its character and has a continuity of usage. Its appearance has not changed greatly since opening, although a large section at the back has been glassed in, diminishing its original airy, pavilion-like appearance. It still has flagpoles at ridge and roof corners. It has a hipped roof with a concave profile clad in corrugated iron and supported on timber posts with cast iron brackets between the posts. Brackets to the interior are formed from wrought iron into tendril-like spirals. The seating is tiered and the original slatted timber seats remain. Beneath the grandstand are refreshment and bar facilities. These are now modern, but reflect the original type of facilities, if not their form.</p><br>
<p>The totalisator is a timber framed building clad with weatherboard and fibro set behind and to one side of the grandstand and can be clearly recognised from early photographs. It is a narrow T-shape in plan, with a two storey hip roofed section set at right angles to a single storey gable roofed section. The roofs of both are clad with corrugated iron of the same profile as the grandstand and the hipped roof retains finials at each end of its ridge pole, though the flagpole at the end of the single storey gable has gone.</p><br>
<p>A wide verandah with a concave corrugated iron roof supported on timber posts surrounds the building and has been partially built in on two sides. This verandah is not shown on early pictures, though its date is unknown. Skylights have been added to the single storey roof on one side. The building has been used as offices for some time and the interior was not inspected.</p><br>
<p>One of the 1896 entrance gates remains as the main entrance to the course. It is timber and consists of a pair of ticket offices on either side of an entry and turnstiles. The whole is spanned by a corrugated iron roof matching that of the other Tunbridge buildings on site. This has retained its flagpoles and traces of a red and white striped paint scheme. The outer side has the words "Townsville Turf Club" over the entrance and each ticket office has two grilled windows to the street and a door to the rear. The entrance when closed is protected by a modern security screen of vertical metal rods.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The grandstand, former totalisator building and main entrance gates at Cluden Racecourse were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The 1896 structures at Cluden racecourse in Townsville illustrate the importance of horse racing in Queensland, which was the earliest organised sport in the colony and was the first sporting institution in Townsville. In the nineteenth century, horses were the main form of transport and were used in warfare, police work and many industries. Racing them was thought to improve the general quality of the breed as well as being an entertainment and was officially encouraged. The breeding, training and racing of horses has been important in Queensland as an industry in its own right and the quality of facilities on an early racecourse such as Cluden demonstrates this.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The grandstand is a good example of its type and its visual appeal and amenity were much praised when it was constructed. This, together with the totalisator building and entrance gates form a suite of original public racecourse buildings at one of the most important courses in the state</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>These buildings were designed by Walter Howard Tunbridge, one of North Queensland&#39;s most notable architects, and the aesthetic qualities of the grandstand in particular have been generally admired by the public. It has a light, airy quality less evident in grandstands in the Southern states.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The structures are important for their association with the Townsville Turf Club, the first sporting institution in Townsville and one of the oldest in the state. The buildings, in spite of assaults by the cyclones which are part of the region&#39;s weather patterns, have survived in regular use on this important course for over a hundred years.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The grandstand, totalisator building and gates are major works of the important North Queensland architectural firm of Tunbridge and Tunbridge, especially Walter Howard Tunbridge, who did the actual design.</p><br>
<p>Commonwealth Offices is a heritage-listed commercial building at 42 Sturt Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1884 to 1889. It has also known as D & W Murray Ltd Building, Rooneys Ltd Building and Scott, Dawson & Stewart Building. As at March 2016, it is known as Federation Place. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 June 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This three-storeyed masonry building with subfloor was erected in two stages, 1884 and, as warehouse and offices for the established British drapery firm of Scott, Dawson & Stewart, who were the first to conduct a large wholesale drapery business in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>Scott, Dawson & Stewart had offices in London, Glasgow and Brisbane before establishing the Townsville branch in 1884, when the subfloor and first level of the present building were erected. At the time, it was the most substantial wholesale drapery warehouse in Townsville. The firm&#39;s closest rival, Hollis Hopkins & Co Ltd, had established a wholesale drapery business in Townsville in 1881, but their substantial brick premises, also in Sturt Street and almost opposite those of Scott, Dawson & Stewart, were not erected until 1886–87. These have since been demolished.</p><br>
<p>The establishment in Townsville of wholesale drapery firms, from which local drapers were able to buy goods in wholesale quantities at wholesale prices, revolutionised the drapery business in that town, with price reductions being passed on to consumers. Scott, Dawson & Stewart also received regular shipments direct from London, avoiding additional freight costs from Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>In 1887, the subfloor of their building consisted of display and storage space on two levels, with a large packing room at the rear of the lower flat, and a bulk store housing surplus stock. The first level contained the manager&#39;s office and a counting house, and white cedars had been planted as shade trees at the front of the building.</p><br>
<p>In August 1889, Townsville architects WG Smith & Sons called tenders for additions to the premises, and it appears that this was when the further two storeys and the dray entrance were added. The approximation of the Townsville city seal, above the pediment, appears in a photograph dated 1897. According to council records, the design was drawn between 1897 and 1899 for the Townsville Municipal Council, despite Townsville not being proclaimed a city until 1902.</p><br>
<p>D&W Murray Ltd, a wholesale importing firm based in London, leased the premises from 1899, and purchased them in 1913. In 1928, Townsville builders, timber merchants and furniture manufacturers, Rooneys Ltd, occupied the building as a store and furniture showroom, purchasing the property in 1933. Rooneys Ltd, whose business was being wound down, moved out of the building c.1938, and it remained vacant until acquired in mid-1941 by the Australian Government for defence purposes, serving as Australian Defence Headquarters, North Eastern Area, during the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>After the war the building remained Commonwealth Offices, housing the RAAF&#39;s Recruiting Offices and Air Training Corps Headquarters. More recently, it was occupied by the Department of Social Security, until sold by the Commonwealth in 1987.</p><br>
<p>As of March 2016, the building, now called Federation Place, is occupied by a number of tenants; a number of them provide legal services.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Commonwealth Offices, a three-storeyed building with subfloor, is a rendered masonry structure with a triple corrugated iron hipped roof concealed behind a parapet wall. The building, located on the south side of Sturt Street, shows classical influences in its facade which consists of four bays separated by pilasters supporting a deep cornice between each floor, with a rendered parapet with open circle motifs. Each bay has two arched sash windows, except the second bay which is narrower and forms the entrance, with single arched sash windows above and is surmounted by a pediment with a plaster sculpture of the Townsville City seal. The entrance has an arched door, with a cantilevered metal awning, located midway between the ground floor and subfloor. The western bay has a large arch with iron gates which accesses a driveway to the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>The side and rear elevations have been altered, with some windows enclosed, window openings added at the southern corner, metal louvre sunshading attached and a rear steel fire stair.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has been refitted several times. The split level foyer has an hydraulic lift with a staircase either side, a sloping ceiling, timber veneer wall panelling and vinyl tiles. A staircase is located in the northern corner and false ceilings with air conditioning have been installed. Each floor has cast iron columns, some concealed by partition walls creating offices and corridors.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Commonwealth Offices was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 June 1994 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>It is important in demonstrating the evolution and pattern of Queenslands history, illustrating the growth of mercantilism in Townsville in the 1880s, and of the towns development as the principal commercial centre of North Queensland in the late 19th century. The Commonwealth Offices also illustrated the role played by Townsville in the defence of Australia during the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Commonwealth Offices demonstrate a rare aspect of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage, being one of the few substantial, masonry warehouses erected in Townsville in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Commonwealth Offices are important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a large and substantially intact, masonry warehouse of the 1880s, in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Commonwealth Offices are important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the Townsville community, in particular their scale, form and materials, their composition of classical elements and their contribution to the Sturt Street streetscape and Townsville townscape.</p><br>
<p>Gonubalabala Island  is an island on the southern side of East Channel, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<p>It is located South east of Logea Island.</p><br>
<p>It is a home island of the Mailulu clan.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of Logea South Ward, Bwanabwana Rural Local Level Government Area LLG, Samarai-Murua District, which are in Milne Bay Province.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Home to the Mailulu clan for at least 6 generations. They have been and remain stewards of the land as well as the reef. For over 100 years they have observed the habits of manta rays which gather in larger numbers just off shore.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Doini group, itself a part of Samarai Islands of the Louisiade Archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>In addition to wood working and guiding divers/snorkelers on the reef and nearby islands, the Mailulu clan offer home stays in private, handbuilt bungalows. Reef fees are required for anchoring live aboards.</p><br>
<p>Coordinate home stays with the islanders directly at time of anchoring or make the connection in advance through the front desks of Driftwood or Napatana Lodge in Alotau.</p><br>
<p>Home stays, diving and snorkeling are possible year round. Manta Watch Camp established a dive center and Manta Ray observation program in 2016. They also provide dive courses October through June.</p><br>
<p>Manta Ray arrive at a large coral bommie for cleaning by smaller fish when the underwater current is strong.</p><br>
<p>Best conditions and times for a strong current / Manta Ray cleaning, as observed by the Mailulu, are:</p><br>
<p>Every month during a full moon and just after a full moon</p><br>
<p>The months of June, July and August — when there is less rain</p><br>
<p>During low tides any time of any month</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Dinghy from Alotau takes about 90 minutes. Arrange at Sanderson Bay in Alotau. Liveaboard charter boats often anchor off island. Shore entry, no dock.</p><br>
<p>Logea Island  is a large island separating West Channel, East Channel and China Strait, just south of Milne Bay, in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island is split between 2 Wards: Logea South, and Logea North. both belong to Bwanabwana Rural Local Level Government Area LLG, Samarai-Murua District, which are in Milne Bay Province.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Logea group, itself a part of Samarai Islands of the Louisiade Archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The population of 1004 is split between 10 villages along the coast, where Kasabanalua on the north point serves as the center.</p><br>
<p>other villages are: Kumikuku, Bwasikauli, Panama Point, Dabali, Logea Pota, Isukopu, Gabui, Boiduhana and Dagedagela.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The islanders, like other from Samarai Islands are experts in boat building.</p><br>
<p>The most of them are farmers as opposed to eastern Louisiade Archipelago islanders. they grow Sago, Taro, and Yams for crops.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>There are 2 docks at Kasabanalua and Pota.</p><br>
<p>The Isaacson House is a historic house at 2 Benson Street in Lewiston, Maine. Built in 1959 for Philip M. Isaacson, a local lawyer, it is a distinctive regional example of modest Mid-Century Modern residential architecture, that drew nationwide notice in architectural circles after its construction. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Isaacson House stands in a residential area west of the Bates College campus and north of downtown Lewiston, on the west side of Benson Street. It is a single-story square structure with a flat roof, and is set further back from the street than neighboring houses. A central stone walkway approaches the house, which is set on a terraced rise accessed via floating stone steps. The exterior is finished in vertical siding, and features floor-to-ceiling windows with white trim. At the center of the front facade is a doorway-sized opening leading into a courtyard, which functions as a transitional space between the outside and inside. The main block of the house is divided into rooms three wide and three deep. Interior finish details include custom millwork and hardware.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1959 for Philip M. Isaacson, a young lawyer and Lewiston native. Isaacson had become interested in modern architecture while studying law at Harvard Law School, and initially approached Josep Lluís Sert with a proposition to design a small year-round house that could be built for $25,000. Sert rejected his proposal, and Isaacson eventually commissioned F. Frederick Bruck, a young architect trained at the Bauhaus-influenced Harvard Graduate School of Design for the job. The house that Bruck designed ended up costing $32,000. Even the smallest details of interior finishes were included in his design.</p><br>
<p>Kwato Island an island in China Strait, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to Logea North Ward, which belongs to Bwanabwana Rural Local Level Government Area LLG, Samarai-Murua District, which are in Milne Bay Province.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1891, Rev Charles Abel and his wife Beatrice commenced a mission on this island, which developed into a non-hierarchical church, and self-supporting mission, teaching boat-building, agriculture and management skills.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Logea group, itself a part of Samarai Islands of the Louisiade Archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The islanders, like other from Samarai Islands are experts in boat building.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The population of 66 is split between 2 villages: Kwato missionary which is inland, and Isuhina which is on the coast.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>There is a dock on the island.</p><br>
<p>Fairlie Castle is a restored oblong tower castle located on a natural rounded knoll situated above a precipitous section of the Fairlie Glen near the town of Fairlie in the old Barony of Fairlie, Parish of Largs, North Ayrshire, Scotland. It was built by the now extinct family, the Fairlies of that Ilk and survives in a fairly good state of preservation. It is a protected scheduled monument.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Timothy Pont records that Fairlie was a strong tower with orchards and gardens. One source has it that Sir Robert Fairlie of that Ilk built the present castle in 1521, the family having held the lands since the fourteenth century. In around 1656-1660 the last of the Fairlie family sold the castle and barony to the Boyle family in the person of David, first Earl of Glasgow. Little Cumbrae Castle, Law Castle at West Kilbride and Fairlie Castle are all in the vicinity of the Forth of Clyde and have striking similarities.</p><br>
<h3>The lairds</h3><br>
<p>The Fairlies of that Ilk are said to have originated from the youngest son of the Ross family of Tarbert and upon being granted the lands took the name of the barony as their own. The coat of arms were argent, three water budgets sable and a chevron as a mark of distinction from the Ross family. A water budget or bouget was a pair of leather bags for carrying water at either end of a pole. In 1335 William de Fairlie was included in a pardon granted by Edward III at Berwick on Tweed. In 1526 Catherine Crawford of Kilbirnie married David Fairlie and the couple had one son, Robert. Catherine died in 1547, aged 40.</p><br>
<p>David Fairlie is recorded by George Robertson as being married to Catherine Crawfurd of Kilbirnie and one of their three co-heiress daughters married Robert Boyd of Portencross in around 1550.</p><br>
<p>A Katarine Craufurd, Lady Fairnelie (sic), is recorded as having died in December 1601. A list of her possessions gives an idea of the life that the Fairlie&#39;s led at their castle with large amounts of household linen, wearing apparel, all sorts of cooking utensils, stores of wine, barrelled meat, full chests, both large and small, etc. Cattle, sheep, corn and barley were also listed.</p><br>
<p>Sir John Fairlie of that Ilk married Marion Crawford of Jordanhill and in June 1605 they obtained a charter of the ten merk land of Fairlie. John Fairlie of that Ilk is recorded to have had a daughter Marion who married Thomas Boyd of Linn and later remarried into the ancestral line of the Marquis of Bute.</p><br>
<p>A William Fairlie of that Ilk is recorded to have married Catherine Brisbane of Brisbane in the early eighteenth century which contradicts the suggestion that the seller of Fairlie in around 1650 was the last of the male line of the Fairlies of that Ilk although he may have been, for Elizabeth Craufurd of Craufurdland, daughter of John Craufurd and Elizabeth Kerr of Morrieston, married twice, her first husband being a William Fairlie of that Ilk. This couple had a single daughter who died in infancy. Elizabeth remarried in 1744.</p><br>
<p>The last member of the Fairlie family sold the castle, the barony and its lands to David, first Earl of Glasgow in around 1650. The castle has since been sold to a private owner.</p><br>
<h2>Structural remains</h2><br>
<p>Fairlie Castle is 12.5 m (41 ft) in height to the parapet walk and is at present roofless. It is a typical tower castle without any artificial motte or a bailey. It had four storeys, each one sub-divided and two vaulted cellars that were accessed by a private stairs. Roundels or bartizans are present at all four corners and a chequered corbels design provides a support to the parapet. The private chambers were supplied with window seats, toilets, fireplaces and well formed window embrasures. The hall, with its kitchen at the east end, was located on the first floor. The main entrance is on the ground floor and faces south. The walls were 1.6m thick. Gun ports are present for the defence of the castle against besiegers.</p><br>
<p>The castle stands in a defensible situation overlooking the steep, wooded and picturesque Fairlie Glen on its southern side, the boundary between the parishes of West Kilbride and Largs.</p><br>
<h3>The causeway</h3><br>
<p>The metalled path that today runs past the castle shows extensive remains of very old paving that suggests that it was once a main communication route and probably ran across Fairlie Moor to Dalry.</p><br>
<h2>The Ballad of Hardyknute</h2><br>
<p>Elizabeth, Lady Wardlaw is thought by some to be the author of a legend based at Fairlie Castle, namely The Ballad of Hardyknute published in 1719. It was said to an old poem discovered by Lady Wardlaw, locked in a vault at Dunfermline and written on scraps of paper, however no manuscript was ever produced and in the 1767 edition of Percy&#39;s Reliques the poem was ascribed to her. Others have disputed the setting as being Fairlie Castle, suggesting Glengarnock Castle as a more plausible location for this work of fiction. Paterson was of the opinion that a kernel of truth existed regarding the legend.</p><br>
<p>The essence of the story is that Hardyknute, an elderly warrior, is called upon to support the Scottish King at what became known as the Battle of Largs. Despite his age he gathers his sons and men and sets off to support his sovereign lord at Largs, but on the way they encounter a seemingly mortally wounded knight who despite an offer of assistance asks to be left to die. On their victorious return from the battle they find the castle silent and abandoned and the implication is that the youngest son, daughter and possibly others have fallen prey to the traitorous wounded knight.</p><br>
<h2>Micro-history</h2><br>
<p>The Fairlie Estate near Old Rome and Gatehead had been known as Little Dreghorn, until William Fairlie of Bruntsfield near Edinburgh gave it his family name in around 1704. Members of this family can be confused with the Fairlies of that Ilk.</p><br>
<p>Fairlie may derive from the Old English for a meadow or untilled land grazed by sheep.</p><br>
<p>Elvira Anna Phipps visited the castle in 1841 and produced a very competent engraving showing that it was with out a roof and the parapet was in ruins, much as it is today. She was informed that it was of Danish origin.</p><br>
<p>The Clarendon House is a historic former hotel building on Clarendon Springs Lane in Clarendon, Vermont. Built about 1835 and enlarged in the 1850s, it is one of Vermont&#39;s finest examples of pre-Civil War resort architecture, and a rare little-altered survivor of that period. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. It and adjacent buildings are  vacant and for sale.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Clarendon House stands in a rural area of northwestern Clarendon, on the west bank of the Clarendon River. It is set on the east side of Walker Mountain Road in the cluster of buildings that make up the rural village of Clarendon Springs. It is a large three story brick structure that is nine bays wide and five deep, with a gabled roof pierced by two rows of gabled dormers on one side, and a single row on the other. The gable ends, and portions of the third floor, are framed in wood and finished in clapboards. The building&#39;s defining feature is a three-story porch, which extends around three of its sides, supported by Doric columns.</p><br>
<p>Built about 1835, the Clarendon House is one of the oldest surviving mineral spring resort hotels in the northeastern United States. Originally built as a two-story structure, and enlarged in the 1850s, it resembled a combination of a typical stagecoach hotel and high-class hotel accommodations of the early 19th century, as exemplified by Boston&#39;s Tremont House. The local mineral springs had been known since the 18th century for their restorative powers, and Thomas McLaughlin built this hotel about 1835 to capitalize on the business it brought. Its business, spurred by railroad construction through the area, was principally from southern states, and was consequently ruined by the American Civil War. After the war, business resumed under new ownership, but failed due to changing tastes and its inability to compete with other resorts offering a wider area of activities. In the 20th century the building has at times house a variety of businesses, including a restaurant and an antiques business. It is (as of early 2016) vacant and for sale.</p><br>
<p>Ebuma Island is a small island in China Strait, between Samarai and the mainland, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>James and Edna-May Hancock purchased the island in 1901. they built a mansion on it and lived there from 1912 - 1985.</p><br>
<p>Ernie Evennett built the second house on the island in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Today his son is the only one living there.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Ebuma Island is a rocky raised islet, with low cliffs on most sides. Privately owned.</p><br>
<p>The island is part of Samarai Islands of the Louisiade Archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to Samarai North Ward. belong to Bwanabwana Rural Local Level Government Area LLG, Samarai-Murua District, which are in Milne Bay Province.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The population on the last census was 1.</p><br>
<p>Gesila Island is a small island separating West Channel, East Channel and China Strait, just south of Milne Bay, in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to Kuiaro, of Bwanabwana Rural Local Level Government Area LLG, Samarai-Murua District, which are in Milne Bay Province.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island is owned by the Seventh-day Adventist church. From 1961 until the 1980s it was the site of the Adventist mission headquarters for the Milne Bay area (which is now administered from Popondetta).</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of Samarai Islands of the Louisiade Archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The population of 19 is located on a single village on the northwest point.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The islanders, are farmers. They are also paid for taking care of the old church building.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>There is a dock in the village.</p><br>
<p>Dagadaga Bonarua Island is an island separating East Channel and China Strait, just south of Milne Bay, in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to Sidudu Ward on Sariba Island. which belong to Bwanabwana Rural Local Level Government Area LLG, Samarai-Murua District, which are in Milne Bay Province.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>in 1966, a South sea pearls farm established on the island. however, due to financial difficulties, it was closed in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Sariba group, itself a part of Samarai Islands of the Louisiade Archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>After the pearl farm was closed, a caretaker lived on the island until he died in 2002. Since, the island is abandoned.</p><br>
<p>Galahi Island  is an island off the northeast coast of Sariba, in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to Sauasauaga Ward of Bwanabwana Rural Local Level Government Area LLG, Samarai-Murua District, which are in Milne Bay Province.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Sariba group, itself a part of Samarai Islands of the Louisiade Archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The population of 20 is located on the village on the north coast.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The islanders, are farmers as opposed to eastern Louisiade Archipelago islanders. they grow Sago, Taro, and Yams for crops.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The villagers have a slipway on the island.</p><br>
<p>Brofjorden is a fjord in Lysekil Municipality, Bohuslän, Sweden. It cuts into Västra Götaland County in a southwest–northeasterly direction between the Stångenäset and Härnäset peninsulas. Situated between Gullmarn and Åbyfjorden, it is the smallest of these fjords.</p><br>
<p>Brofjorden Port in the fjord is Sweden&#39;s largest oil port.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age, Brofjorden was navigable as far up north as Brodalen. The shoreline has receded about 2 km to the south since then. The area has been filled in with silt and clay, leaving only the minor Broälven river in the middle of the former north part of the fjord. The surrounding area is rich with pre-Medieval archaeological finds. On Broberg hill are the remnants of a 12th century fort and the oldest parts of the nearby Bro Church, are from the Middle Ages.</p><br>
<p>The Ryxö island in the middle of Brofjorden, was a strategic point in the local waterways during the Bronze Age. There are number of cairns on the island and the adjacent shores.</p><br>
<h3>1600–1700s</h3><br>
<p>When herring fishing peaked in the 17th and 18th century, fishing industries flourished all around Brofjorden. The primary products were salted herring and train oil made from boiled herring to extract the oil. The salted herring was sold to traders from Germany and Holland, and the train oil was exported to London, Paris and New York to be used in street lamps. The purest oil, filtrated ten times, was produced at Norra Grundsund just south of the mouth of Brofjorden.</p><br>
<h3>Early 1900s</h3><br>
<p>At the beginning of the 20th century, there were several canned food factories around Brofjorden to process the herring and other sea food products. Because of the good quality of the water, there was an oyster farm in the fjord around 1920. By then most if the fishing industry had closed down. The herring fishing had declined and by 1915, mackerel had disappeared from the fjord, only subsistence fishing done by people living by the fjord remained. The canning factory at Sjöbol (58&deg;21&prime;13.4&Prime;N latitude, 11&deg;26&prime;03.5&Prime;E longitude) was later razed to make way for the product terminal at Brofjorden Port.</p><br>
<h3>Granite quarries</h3><br>
<p>About ten granite quarries were started along the shores of Bjofjorden at the end of the 19th century. Quays and jetties were built at places such as Skalhamn, Fiskebäcksvik, Sjöbol, Lahälla, Rixö, Vinbräcka, Hjälmedal, Sandvik, Loddebo, Ingeröd, and Krabbevik. The red granite was quarried right by the shoreline and loadad onto boats from several European nations. The steep cliffs also allowed ships to moor right by the shores and fill their fresh water supply directly from the small waterfalls that formed after heavy rain, instead if carry it aboard manually. The quarries were in use until the 1930s, when the Great Depression forced them to fold.</p><br>
<h3>World War II</h3><br>
<p>During World War II, Brofjorden served as a storage site for part of Operation Bridford. Norwegian boats and ships of all types and sizes came with cargoes consisting of machine parts, especially ball bearings for the British weapons industry, which were transferred to British blockade runners crossing the Skagerrak. According to a German captain on a ship loading granite at Rixö quarry, who served onboard a submarine during the war, German submarines also used the deep fjord. They would go there to get away from the fighting for a couple of days, to let the crew rest, sleep and "catch their breath".</p><br>
<h3>Oil refinery</h3><br>
<p>Plans for a refinery had been discussed ever since the Swedish consumer-owned oil company Oljekonsumenters Riksförbund (OK), was formed in 1945. There were many long and heated debates in the 1960s, about where the refinery should be located. The two main proposed sites were Brofjorden and Hisingen in Gothenburg. The fjord was deep and wide enough to accommodate large oil tankers, while Hisingen provided an already exploited area with infrastructure on land. Those against establishing the refinery at Brofjorden were in majority, led by Swedish Society for Nature Conservation. An association under the slogan Rädda Brofjorden! ("Save Brofjorden!") was formed and with the newly awakened interest for nature conservation, they received a lot of coverage in media.</p><br>
<p>Due to the massive protests, environmental issues and safety became two of the main concerns in planning the refinery. Since the plant would also be very visible in the landscape by the fjord, one of the directives was to make it "the world&#39;s most beautiful oil refinery ever". Trial runs with tankers were made on the fjord in summer 1970. The largest tanker to test the fjord was the 230,000-ton supertanker Texaco Frankfurt., the largest ship to enter the fjord is the 470,000 dwt Burmah Enterprize.</p><br>
<p>On 25November 1970, the government voted in favor of the Brofjorden site and in September 1971, permission was granted to OK to start building the refinery. At an estimated cost of SEK 750–800 million, the refinery was inaugurated on 29May 1975. While the plant and the storage tanks for the oil products are above ground and visible for miles around the site, the crude oil is stored in four large cisterns that can hold up to 800,000 m&sup3, blasted out of the granite bedrock below the plant.</p><br>
<h2>Brofjorden Port</h2><br>
<p>Swedens biggest oil port, Brofjorden Port, is located near the mouth of the fjord on the southeast side. With about 22 million ton of cargo handled annually, it is also Swedens second biggest port. The port facilities at Brofjorden are owned by Preemraff Lysekil oil refinery.</p><br>
<p>The port has six berths, one for crude oil and five jetties for oil products. The crude oil harbor just southwest of the sea lane, is 135 m long with a depth of 28 m and can receive tankers up to 500,000 dwt. The product terminal jetties located on the south shore of the Trommekilen part of the fjord, are a total of 380 m and can accommodate tankers up to 80,000 dwt. More than 11 million ton crude oil is delivered to the port every year. In 2015, a system for loading and unloading liquid natural gas at -162 &deg;C was installed. On average, there are five tankers per day visiting Brofjorden. In 2014, the port received 1,400 ships.</p><br>
<h2>Nature reserves</h2><br>
<p>There are two nature reserve at Brofjorden, Ryxö island and Broälven. Ryxö, sometimes spelt Rixö, established in 1968 with an area of 61 hectare, is an island in the middle of the fjord. The central part is the island has a deciduous forest, mainly oaks and meadows intersected by steep cliffs. Broälven, established in 1995 with an area of 194 hectare comprises the land at the shallow north end of Brofjorden and the banks of Broälven which has its outlet in the fjord. The shallow area at the mouth of the river is a valuable habitat for sea trouts.</p><br>
<p>In January 2015, three killer whales, a male, a female and a calf, were spotted at the mouth of Brofjorden. They were following a tanker heading for the port at the oil refinery.</p><br>
<p>Muralambeen Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead off Bosworth&#39;s Road, Forrest Beach, Shire of Hinchinbrook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 February 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Muralambeen Homestead is located on Bosworth Road in Forrest Beach, 8 miles south-east of Ingham on the Herbert River flood plains in the Kennedy pastoral district. Muralambeen was first taken up in 1876 by Christopher Allingham, and the site today includes a timber house erected c 1881-83 for John Allingham.</p><br>
<p>The first European penetration of the Kennedy pastoral district began in the mid 1840s when Ludwig Leichhardt passed west of the Herbert River while exploring the upper Burdekin Valley. No immediate attempts were made to settle this region, with sporadic explorations taking place following Leichhardt&#39;s journey.</p><br>
<p>One of the earliest squatter settlers to follow Leichhardt was Christopher Allingham. He had immigrated to Australia with his parents and family in 1841 from County Fermanagh, Ireland. The family was well-established farmers and business people in Ireland, and on arriving in Australia the Allinghams settled near Armidale in New South Wales where they engaged in grazing and inn keeping. In 1852, in the wake of the public acclaim afforded to Leichhardt&#39;s ventures in north Queensland, Christopher Allingham left Armidale in search of pastoral land in the Burdekin region, only to return to New South Wales when he found the land was not available for selection. When Christopher made his next expedition north in 1859 he was accompanied by his cousin, John Allingham, who had arrived in Australia 4 years earlier. The two men travelled with cattle and sheep, and in 1861 arrived in the Burdekin region where they took up the run they called Hillgrove. John soon after moved back to Armidale and married Frances Allingham (same surname but not related to John) in 1862. The young bride returned with her husband to Hillgrove and was reputedly the first white female to live north of the Burdekin River.</p><br>
<p>The 1870s was in general an era of expansion for the Kennedy pastoral district and graziers were facing improved economic prospects and stability following the financial crisis of the previous decade. By this time, John&#39;s brother, Johnstone Allingham, had joined the family at Hillgrove and during the 1870s the Allinghams extended their pastoral interests in north Queensland by taking up Kangaroo Hills and Waterview stations. In late 1875 and early 1876, Christopher Allingham also took up a number of selections in the County of Cardwell, including Selection 171 which contains the present homestead site. The selection was approved on 22 January 1876 and comprised a total of 1309 acres.</p><br>
<p>By November 1876, Christopher had returned to New South Wales where he died and the lease to Muralambeen was transferred to John Allingham, who added a further 1280 acres of leasehold land to the original selection in October 1881. One year earlier, John was issued with a notice from the Lands Department that compelled him to build a house on the property to satisfy the residency conditions on selection. No form of house had previously been erected on the site and in a deposition to the Law Agent of Cardwell in November 1880 John Allingham claimed this oversight was due to him being unaware of the residency conditions on selection when he became trustee of Christopher&#39;s estate. In a letter to the Under Secretary of Public Lands in December 1880 John Allingham stated that "the wet season having apparently set in, it is impossible to get about on the land in question to erect the necessary buildings &c. for the purpose of residence" and the following February a similar claim was made to the Lands Department. At this time, John and Frances Allingham were living at Kangaroo Hills, however on 2 November 1881 their residence at that station was destroyed by fire. By 3 January 1883, a house valued at £50 had been constructed at Muralambeen, the whole property had been fenced and a significant garden had been laid. It was a modest, one-room house built on stumps and constructed from oregon pine and eucalypt hardwood from Maryborough with a surrounding verandah and detached bedroom. A separate building with an earthen floor and corrugated iron walls and roof was used as the kitchen, storeroom and laundry, while another structure was built for the bathroom. John and Frances Allingham resided there between January 1883 and December 1884 and it is said that during this time it "grew into a commodious residence surrounded by a wealth of beautiful flowers, creepers, gaily coloured foliage plants and glorious trees". John and Frances returned to live in New South Wales in early 1885, leaving William Baggot and William H Broad as residents at Muralambeen. When John Allingham died in late 1885 Johnstone Allingham became lessee of Muralambeen. Frances remained in Armidale for some time and the station was left in the care of several managers before Johnstone Allingham moved his family there in 1894-95. In c 1900, Johnstone added a large wing to the residence, consisting of a row of 4 square bedrooms and an enclosed room in the north-western corner which was connected to the original house by a breezeway.</p><br>
<p>When Johnstone died in 1901, he was reputedly buried on the site and management of the property passed to his 3 sons. The following year, when a further 640 acres adjoining the original Muralambeen portion was selected, Frances was apparently residing once more at Muralambeen, which became known "at all times a happy social centre" for the Allingham family. Around 1908, Frances appointed her nephew, James Allingham, as manager of the property and conveyance documents show that on 11 October 1911 title to the property was belatedly registered in the name of Frances Allingham. Following her death in 1916, the Union Trustee Company of Australia was appointed as executors of her estate and on 25 January 1918 James Allingham was registered as lessee of Muralambeen for a period of 5 years from 15 January 1917. In September 1928, James was registered as sole owner of the property and it was immediately used as collateral for a mortgage.</p><br>
<p>Following a cyclone in 1940, repairs and extensions were carried out to the Muralambeen house and in 1952 James Allingham demolished the original kitchen and converted an enclosed verandah in the house to the new kitchen. When the Victoria Sugar Mill was constructed, sugar cane was grown on the property again in 1952 following a failed venture in the early 1900s. In the early to mid 1950s, James began subdividing the land and over the years further subdivision has resulted in the reduction of the homestead site to its present size. James Allingham died in 1959 and the property has continued to remain in the family.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Muralambeen, a rural property close to the north Queensland coast near the Palm Islands, is situated on the fertile flood plains of the Herbert River, south east of Ingham. The approach to Muralambeen is via a long drive flanked by mature pine trees. The homestead, a single storey low set timber residence with corrugated iron hipped roofs, is set in a shady fenced garden surrounded by agricultural land. Lucy and Palm Creeks flow past just to the south of the homestead garden.</p><br>
<p>The house is raised approximately 1m above the ground on short concrete stumps and surrounded by verandahs. Short flights of stairs lead to the verandah on the western, northern and eastern sides of the house. The verandahs, which continue all the way around the building except for the southwest corner, are screened by lattice panels and partly enclosed with cement sheeting and timber casement windows.</p><br>
<p>The roof of the house has been amalgamated and extended over time. Once a pair of simple hip roofs surrounded by lower pitched verandah roofs, various extensions and alterations have created a complex roofscape of interlocking hipped roofs with box gutters, valleys and ridges. The roof is modest in scale and appearance due to the relatively low pitches used and the small size of the original elements.</p><br>
<p>The house is largely constructed of timber. Simple timber posts support unlined verandah roofs with exposed timber framing. Wall construction consists of outside studding with timber cross bracing and single skin linings of timber boards. The boards in exterior walls are laid horizontally. They are profiled as chamferboards on the outside and as beaded boards on the internal face. Newer sections of the house are clad and lined with cement sheeting, except for the southern wall of the house which is clad with timber chamferboards. The older sections of the house have double hung timber-framed windows and timber-framed french doors opening onto the verandahs. Casement windows are used in the newer works.</p><br>
<p>Built in stages, the house consists of an original core, a major addition of a northern wing and various accretions. The house, with the exception of the southwest corner, has a suspended timber floor and is roughly L-shaped in plan. The original core and the northern addition are one room in width and are joined by an enclosed breezeway. Utility spaces have been created by enclosing sections of the verandah.</p><br>
<p>The breezeway, which forms the main entrance to the house, is centrally located connecting the east and west verandahs. Narrower on the western end, it is the only large living space and is the focus of the interior. Formerly the junction of two verandahs, the breezeway has been enclosed with timber casement windows and cement sheeting. The roof over the breezeway has been raised and the floor replaced with narrow timber boards.</p><br>
<p>The wing on the north side of the breezeway contains a row of three bedrooms. The bedroom on the northeast corner, formerly two rooms, is twice the size of the other bedrooms. The central bedroom is now used as a study. A small room, originally enclosed with insect screens, has been built into the north west corner of the verandah. Timber panelled doors open from these rooms onto the northern verandah.</p><br>
<p>On the southern side of the breezeway is the oldest part of the house, consisting of two bedrooms and surviving sections of the original verandah. The kitchen and associated scullery and a dining area have been built into the original verandah and have raked ceilings. A bathroom of relatively recent construction, has been added to the narrow western end of the breezeway. The dining area is an extension of the breezeway. The kitchen, originally a detached building, is located in the enclosed southern verandah. A stove alcove has been built, projecting beyond the line of the original verandah. The adjoining scullery is lined with timber shelves for crockery. A servery window in the scullery overlooks the former washing up area, now the laundry and once the location of the house&#39;s only water supply.</p><br>
<p>The semi-enclosed laundry area, on the southwest corner of the house, is separated from the main house by a change in floor level. The floor of the laundry area is a concrete slab on the ground. Located in the crook of the L-shape formed by the main house, it was built on the site of the original detached kitchen. It also contains a toilet and a shower and is partly enclosed with cement sheeted walls and insect screens.</p><br>
<p>The garden contains large shade trees and various decorative shrubs. Lawns to the north and east of the house are the locations of former rose gardens and tennis courts. A large timber and steel shade structure is adjacent to the southwest corner of the house. A small garage is located to the west of the house.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Muralambeen Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 February 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Muralambeen was first selected in 1876 by Christopher Allingham and a portion of the surviving house was constructed c 1881-83 by John Allingham. The site stands as important surviving evidence of the early exploration and settlement of north Queensland in a period when pastoralists were experiencing improved financial fortunes and the region was expanding demographically and economically.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Built initially to satisfy selection requirements, Muralambeen demonstrates the principal characteristics of a rural homestead including low-set single storey timber construction, extensive verandahs and a form evolved from gradual additions to the original house. The house retains its original core and subsequent expansion and modifications are clearly visible in the fabric of the house. A relatively well-preserved example of architecture of the Queensland pastoral frontier, it is a valued part of the historical character of the area.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The house and property are also significant for its association with the Allingham family, who has had an association with the homestead site for nearly 130 years. Christopher Allingham was one of the earliest European settlers in the Kennedy pastoral district to follow the expeditions of Ludwig Leichhardt. The Allingham family were pioneers of the district and played a key role in the pastoral history of north Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Igwali Island  is an island north of Sariba Island, and on the eastern side of China Strait, in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of Sidudu Ward, which belongs to Bwanabwana Rural Local Level Government Area LLG, Samarai-Murua District, which are in Milne Bay Province.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Sariba group, itself a part of Samarai Islands of the Louisiade Archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The population of 10 is living in 3 separate hamlets. Igwali in the central west coast, Naba Riaria on the northwest point, and Ga-Uri on the southeast point.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The islanders, are farmers as opposed to eastern Louisiade Archipelago islanders. they grow Sago, Taro, and Yams for crops.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>There is a slipway at Igwali.</p><br>
<p>Mekinley Island  is an island north of Sariba Island, and on the eastern side of China Strait, in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of Sidudu Ward, which belongs to Bwanabwana Rural Local Level Government Area LLG, Samarai-Murua District, which are in Milne Bay Province.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Sariba group, itself a part of Samarai Islands of the Louisiade Archipelago.</p><br>
<p>It is located 10 meters from South Kui Island</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The population of 5 people is living in the northern coast.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The islanders, are farmers as opposed to eastern Louisiade Archipelago islanders. they grow Sago, Taro, and Yams for crops.</p><br>
<p>Ito Island  is an island between Sariba and Sideia, on the eastern side of China Strait, in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of Sidudu Ward, which belongs to Bwanabwana Rural Local Level Government Area LLG, Samarai-Murua District, which are in Milne Bay Province.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Sariba group, itself a part of Samarai Islands of the Louisiade Archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The population of 10 is living in 2 separate hamlets. Sabunu-Una on the west, and Suna on the east.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The islanders, are farmers as opposed to eastern Louisiade Archipelago islanders. they grow Sago, Taro, and Yams for crops.</p><br>
<p>Saliba Island is a large island in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island has 2 Wards: Sidudu in the northern part (with adjoining islands), and Sauasauaga on the southern part (which also includes adjoining islands and the western part of Sideia).</p><br>
<p>Both Wards belong to Bwanabwana Rural Local Level Government Area LLG, Samarai-Murua District, which are in Milne Bay Province.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Sariba group, itself a part of Samarai Islands of the Louisiade Archipelago.</p><br>
<p>The island is only 240 meters at its most closest part to the larger Sideia Island, near the town of Sauasauaga.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The population of 1880 is living in 30 villages across the island. The most important one, and where the dock is located, is Sidudu. The other villages (clockwise): Simsimai, Nawaripa, Tobai, Wakoiara, Tanabuibuna, Sebuluna, Bwasikoko, Lamabo, Labulabu, Namoai, Isunaleilei, Sauasauaga, Dabunai, Bwastau, Porapa, Gamarai, Kwalosai, Iogi, Sunamaleuya, Kikina, Debasina, Koitubitubi, Magalkalona, Magesina, Magehau, Dagadaga.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The islanders, are farmers as opposed to eastern Louisiade Archipelago islanders. they grow Sago, Taro, and Yams for crops.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>There is a dock at Sidudu.</p><br>
<p>The Williamson–Russell–Rahilly House is a historic house in Lake City, Minnesota, United States. The original core of the house was built in Greek Revival style around 1868, but it was extensively remodeled in Neoclassical style in 1910. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 for having local significance in the theme of architecture. It was nominated as a particularly fine example of Minnesota&#39;s elegant, turn-of-the-20th-century architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The original core of the Williamson–Russell–Rahilly House is a two-story frame building. The symmetrical façade has a centrally placed front door flanked by engaged columns, and both stories have windows with cornice moldings. The side elevations have gables with the traditional open pediments of Greek Revival architecture. There were originally shallow porches over the front and side doors.</p><br>
<p>The 1910 remodeling removed the original porches and added much larger elements. Most prominent is a two-story portico with a fully pedimented gable supported by four Ionic order columns. The side entrance received a porte-cochère, while the southeast elevation gained a screened-in porch. On a small balcony over the front door is a wrought-iron balustrade with an Étoile du Nord motif that originally adorned the Alexander Ramsey House in Saint Paul, Minnesota. A one-story extension was also appended to the rear of the house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first house on this site was built in 1855 for Samuel Doughty, one of Lake Citys three original founders. Two years later he sold the house to Harvey Williamson, the citys first postmaster. In 1868, however, it burned down in a fire, so Williamson hired carpenter John Stout to rebuild over the original foundation. Williamson and his family lived in the new home until 1882, when they sold it to Morris C. Russell, editor of Lake City&#39;s first newspaper. Russell had arrived in Minnesota Territory in 1854 as a 14-year-old orphaned by a cholera outbreak that killed hundreds aboard their steamboat. He served as a scout during the Dakota War of 1862 and moved to Lake City in 1881, where he began publishing the Graph-Sentinel newspaper.</p><br>
<p>Russell&#39;s residency was apparently brief because tax records show the house in the hands of Lyman and Melissa Buck as of 1882, The Bucks were partners in the Seely & Buck dry goods store, with Melissa continuing in the business after Lyman died in 1890. She likely died around 1900, for that was when her daughter sold the house to its fourth owner, Patrick Henry Rahilly.</p><br>
<p>Rahilly was a prominent farmer and politician. Born in 1832 in Ireland, he emigrated to the United States with his parents in 1849 and arrived in Minnesota Territory in the 1850s. He settled in Wabasha County in 1868, establishing a farm near Lake City in Mount Pleasant Township. Six years later he entered politics, ultimately being elected thrice to the Minnesota House of Representatives and once to the state senate. His 1880 farmhouse is also on the National Register of Historic Places. Around 1900 he purchased the Williamson–Russell House from Jennie Buck to serve as a place to stay when in town. In 1910 his wife died, prompting Rahilly to sell his farmhouse to his daughter and her husband and to move permanently into the Lake City house.</p><br>
<p>That same year Rahilly contracted with Charles A. Koch, a self-taught local architect, to renovate the Greek Revival house into a Neoclassical mansion. Rahilly died in the home on January 12, 1931, at the age of 98. It stayed in the Rahilly family as a summer home until 1963. That year it was purchased by George W. Enz, a singer who had performed in the Ziegfeld Follies.</p><br>
<p>Toll Bay,  is a bay in the Kara Sea, Russia. Administratively Toll Bay and its adjacent area belong to the Krasnoyarsk Krai administrative division of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Toll Bay is located in the western shores of the Taymyr Peninsula, northeast of the Taymyr Gulf and it is open towards the west. It is limited by Cape Oscar, the headland of the Oscar Peninsula, on its southwestern side and by Cape Sterligov on its northeastern side. Lishny Island (76&deg;57&prime;N latitude, 100&deg;27&prime;E longitude) lies north of Toll Bay about 16 km from the coast.</p><br>
<p>Toll Bay is surrounded by bleak tundra coast. The climate in the area is severe, with long and bitter winters and frequent blizzards and gales. This desolate bay is frozen for about nine months in a year and even in summer it is never quite free of ice floes.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This bay was explored by Russian geologist Baron Eduard von Toll during his last venture, the Russian Arctic Expedition of 1900-1903 and was later named after him.</p><br>
<p>The whole area is part of the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve, the largest nature reserve of Russia.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>William Barr, Baron Eduard von Toll’s Last Expedition.</p><br>
<p>Buiari Island is an island in the Louisiade Archipelago in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of Buiari Ward (which also includes some tiny villages on near Basilaki island. The ward belong to Bwanabwana Rural Local Level Government Area LLG, Samarai-Murua District, which are in Milne Bay Province.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Buiari is located Southwest of Basilaki, and is part of the Basilaki group, itself a part of Samarai Islands of the Louisiade Archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The population of 500 is living in 2 villages across the island. The most important one, and where the dock is located, is Buiari, and is on the north coast facing Basilaki. The smaller one, Numodubo, is in the central plateau</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The islanders, are farmers as opposed to eastern Louisiade Archipelago islanders. they grow Sago, Taro, and Yams for crops.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>There is a dock at Buiari.</p><br>
<p>Ramaroshan is located in Achham district of Nepal. It is a tourism area in Achham district.</p><br>
<h2>Introduction</h2><br>
<p>Ramaroshan is a main attraction of Achham District. It is known as land of 12 lakes and 18 patch of meadows (grassland) with stiff rocky cliffs. This place is surrounded by a forest. Terraced hill slopes with lush green landscape surrounding the enchanting Ramaroshan Lake attracts everyone. On the route to this destination, travellers come across the forest of Rhododendron. Kailash river flows through this place.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>Many species of plants are found in Ramaroshan area. Mostly lakes have been covered by various types of flowers. Many wild animals graze in the grassland of Ramaroshan.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>It is a habitat of various wild animal i.e. tiger, bear, wild cat, musk deer etc. Ramaroshan is also shelter for various birds like lophophorous, pheasant, cocoo etc.</p><br>
<p>Clementwood is a historic estate in Rutland, Vermont. It is now a part of the campus of the College of St. Joseph on the city&#39;s west side. The estate was developed in the 1850s by Charles Clement, a leading local businessman whose family fortune was made in the locally prominent marble industry. The house is a notably fine example of Italianate architecture; it currently houses the administrative offices of the college. The estate was listed on National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Clementwood is located on the outskirts of Rutland city, on the south side of Otter Creek, and now forms the western portion of the campus of the College of St. Joseph. The estate encompasses 21 acre of landscaped and wooded land, and includes the main house, carriage barn, and two former caretakers houses. The house is a sophisticated example of Italianate architecture, two stories in height, with a hip roof topped by a belvedere, and set on a marble foundation. Its main facades are three bays wide, with central projecting bays topped by shallow gables. A number of additions and alterations have been made, reflecting the buildings long institutional history.</p><br>
<p>The estate was developed by Charles Clement, whose family owned marble-related businesses in Rutland that benefited and greatly expanded in the 1850s by the arrival of the railroad in the city. The house was probably built around 1856-57, and may have been designed by J. J. R. Randall, a prominent local architect. The estate was named "Clementwood", combining the names of Clement and the maiden name of his wife, Elizabeth Wood. The Clements expanded their business interests into banking and railroads, and Clements son Percival was politically active, serving as Governor of Vermont 1919-21. The estate was divided after Percival Clements death in 1927, and this portion was purchased in 1948 to form part of the campus of the short-lived Rutland Junior College. In 1964 it became the campus of the College of St. Joseph. The estate house was used as a library and faculty housing for a number of years, primarily nuns of the Sisters of St. Joseph. In the 2000s, the main house was better integrated into the campus by housing its administrative offices, and serving as an event and function venue.</p><br>
<p>The Samarai Islands archipelago, part of the larger Louisiade Archipelago, is located 50 km southeast of mainland New Guinea island, within the nation of Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The archipelago consists of: 4 larger volcanic islands frequently fringed by coral reefs; and 30 smaller coral islands.</p><br>
<p>The islands stretch over more than 50 km, and spread over an ocean area of 1,000 km&sup2, between the Solomon Sea to the north and the Coral Sea to the south. The aggregate land area of the islands is about 262.1 km&sup2, with Basilaki Island being the largest.</p><br>
<p>Logea Island, Samarai Island and Sariba Island lie closest to mainland New Guinea, while the Kitai Group lies further east.</p><br>
<p>The entire archipelago is within the Bwanabwana Rural LLG (Local Level Government), a part of the Samarai-Murua District in Milne Bay Province, southeastern Papua New Guinea. The seat of the Bwanabwana Rural LLG is Samarai, the population center of the Samarai Islands archipelago.</p><br>
<h3>List of islands</h3><br>
<p>Basilaki Island</p><br>
<p>Beika Island</p><br>
<p>Bonarua Hili Hili Island</p><br>
<p>Buiari Island</p><br>
<p>Castori Islets</p><br>
<p>Dagadaga Bonarua Island</p><br>
<p>Deka Deka Island</p><br>
<p>Didigilo Island</p><br>
<p>Dinana Island</p><br>
<p>Doini Island</p><br>
<p>Ebuma Island</p><br>
<p>Gado-Gadoa Island</p><br>
<p>Galahi Island</p><br>
<p>Gesila Island</p><br>
<p>Gonabarabara Island</p><br>
<p>Grant Island</p><br>
<p>Igwali Island</p><br>
<p>Ito Island</p><br>
<p>Kitai Bai Island</p><br>
<p>Kato Katoa Island</p><br>
<p>Kitai Bona Bona Island</p><br>
<p>Kitai Katu Island</p><br>
<p>Kitai Lilivea Island</p><br>
<p>Kui Island</p><br>
<p>Kwai Ama Island</p><br>
<p>Kwato Island</p><br>
<p>Lesimano Island</p><br>
<p>Logea Island</p><br>
<p>Nasariri Island</p><br>
<p>Populai Island</p><br>
<p>Samarai Island</p><br>
<p>Sariba Island</p><br>
<p>Sideia Island</p><br>
<p>Sripkunui Island</p><br>
<p>Tuyam Island</p><br>
<p>Wasima Island</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Malay and Chinese sailors may have visited the islands before European explorers. The islands most likely first sighted by Europeans in 1606, by Luis Váez de Torres. Louis Antoine de Bougainville named them the Louisiades in 1768 for King Louis XV of France. European stops were also paid by Admiral Bruni d&#39;Entrecasteaux in 1793, and Captain Owen Stanley in 1849.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The islands have a moist tropical climate, and are largely covered with tropical moist broadleaf forests.</p><br>
<p>The Robinson Historic District encompasses the oldest residential neighborhood of Conway, Arkansas. It is located just west of the citys downtown business district, and is bounded on the east by Faulkner Street, the south by Robinson Avenue, the west by Watkins Street, and the north by Ash, Caldwell, and Davis Streets. It contains a cross-section of residential architectural styles covering the citys development between 1890 and 1950. The district is named for Asa P. Robinson, Conway&#39;s founder.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. Properties within the district that were previously listed include the Brown House, the First United Methodist Church, the O.L. Dunaway House, the Greeson-Cone House, the Harton House, and the S.G. Smith House.</p><br>
